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Endoscopic Treatment of Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumors: What’s Next?
Gut Liver 2025;19(2):148-150https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl250107 -
Advancements in Endoscopic Treatment for Gastric Subepithelial Tumors
Osamu Goto1,2
, Kazutoshi Higuchi1
, Eriko Koizumi1
, Katsuhiko Iwakiri1
Gut Liver 2025;19(2):151-160https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl240358Abstract : Peroral flexible endoscopy is a minimally invasive technique that enables the local resection of gastric subepithelial tumors (SETs) with malignant potential. Resection techniques are mainly chosen on the basis of the lesion size. Minute SETs less than 1 cm should be managed through a watch and wait strategy, with the exception of histologically diagnosed superficial lesions, which require endoscopic mucosal resection or endoscopic submucosal dissection. For 1- to 3-cm small SETs, endoscopic enucleation techniques, such as endoscopic submucosal excavation, submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection, and peroral endoscopic tumor resection, can be used. However, endoscopic full-thickness resection is preferred for histologically complete removal with negative surgical margins. When endoscopic full-thickness resection is considered technically difficult, laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery (LECS) is a safe and dependable alternative. Moderate-sized SETs (3 to 5 cm) require surgical intervention because the lesions must be removed transabdominally. LECS is a less invasive surgical procedure as it reduces the resection area; however, some LECS techniques that require transoral tumor retrieval are not available. Endoscopic intervention for lesions larger than 5 cm should be used with caution for research purposes. With advancements in endoscopic diagnosis, the indications for endoscopic treatment for SETs are expected to improve, thereby enhancing patients’ quality of life.
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Investigating Human Liver Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells from the Perspectives of Gastroenterologists and Hepatologists
Ji Won Han1,2
, Eui-Cheol Shin3,4
Gut Liver 2025;19(2):161-170https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl240366Abstract : Liver tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells play a pivotal role in hepatic immune responses. Their unique residence within liver sinusoids allow continuous antigen surveillance. In this review, we highlight the role of liver TRM cells in protective immunity and disease pathology. Comparisons between human and murine liver TRM cells reveal species-specific characteristics, suggesting the need for human-focused studies. One key finding is the involvement of liver TRM cells in viral hepatitis, where they can both control infection and contribute to liver damage. Liver TRM cells also exhibit dual roles in metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease, promoting inflammation and fibrosis while also contributing to fibrosis resolution. In autoimmune liver diseases, such as autoimmune hepatitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis, the presence of liver TRM cells correlates with disease severity. In this review, we underscore the importance of liver TRM cells in vaccine development, particularly vaccines against malaria. Future research should focus on the mechanisms governing TRM-cell formation, maintenance, and function, with the aim of supporting their protective roles while mitigating detrimental effects. Advancing our understanding of liver TRM cells will enhance our knowledge of liver immunology and inform novel therapeutic strategies for liver disease management.
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Gut Microbiota Involved in the Immunopathogenesis of Autoimmune Pancreatitis
Kosuke Minaga
, Tomohiro Watanabe
, Akane Hara
, Tomoe Yoshikawa
, Ken Kamata
, Masatoshi Kudo
Gut Liver 2025;19(2):171-176https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl240380Abstract : Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP), which is considered the pancreatic expression of a systemic immunoglobulin G4-related disease, is characterized by excessive infiltration of plasmacytes bearing immunoglobulin G4 and a unique form of fibrosis in multiple organs. This relatively new disease entity has garnered great attention from clinicians, but its pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Recent discoveries indicate that plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation followed by robust production of type I interferon and interleukin-33 plays a key role in driving chronic fibro-inflammatory responses in both murine and human AIP. Furthermore, the compositional alterations in the gut microbiota, known as intestinal dysbiosis, triggered plasmacytoid dendritic cell-driven pathogenic type I interferon responses. Intestinal dysbiosis is associated with a breakdown in intestinal barrier function; thus, we examined whether the latter condition affects the development of experimental AIP. Our recent research has revealed that intestinal barrier disruption worsens experimental AIP by facilitating the translocation of pathogenic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus sciuri, to the pancreas from the gut. These results indicate the “gut-pancreas axis” underlies the immunopathogenesis of AIP, and the maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity can prevent the worsening of AIP by inhibiting pancreatic colonization by harmful gut bacteria. In this mini review, the interactions between AIP development and gut microbiota are discussed with the aim of providing useful information not only for researchers but also for clinicians.
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Autoimmune Gastritis in Korean Patients with Gastric Tumors: Clinicopathologic Correlations and Diagnostic Histological Features
Soomin Ahn1
, Tae-Se Kim2
, Ryoji Kushima3
, Jun Haeng Lee2
, Kyoung-Mee Kim1
Gut Liver 2025;19(2):177-188https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl240223Abstract : Background/Aims: Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is a corpus-dominant atrophic gastritis in which patients are positive for antiparietal cell antibody (APCA) and/or anti-intrinsic factor antibody. The risk of developing gastric cancer in patients with AIG remains unclear, and reliable frequency data of AIG in patients with gastric cancer are lacking.Methods: We included 624 Korean patients with gastric tumors (612 gastric cancers and 12 neuroendocrine tumors) who had APCA results and were available for AIG evaluation. In patients with positive APCA results, endoscopy and histology findings were reviewed to diagnose AIG.Results: Of the 624 patients, 37 (5.9%) tested positive for APCA, and ultimately, 11 (1.8%) met the diagnostic criteria for AIG (5 both endoscopy and histology findings, 4 endoscopy-only findings, 2 histology-only findings). The frequency of AIG in patients with gastric cancer was 1.3% (8/612), and that in patients with neuroendocrine tumors was 25.0% (3/12). Of the 11 patients with AIG, serum Helicobacter pylori antibody was positive in six patients (54.5%), all of whom had gastric cancer. Histologically, three patients showed pure AIG, four patients exhibited concurrent AIG and H. pylori gastritis, and the findings for four were indefinite for AIG. The pepsinogen (PG) I levels and PG I/II ratio were significantly lower in patients with gastric cancer with AIG than in patients with gastric cancer without AIG (p=0.042 and p=0.016, respectively).Conclusions: The frequency of AIG in gastric cancer patients was very low compared to that in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Rather, concurrent AIG and H. pylori gastritis was common in patients with AIG with gastric cancer.
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Clinical Characteristics and Long-term Outcomes of Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumors
Quanxin Zheng1
, Ji Yoon Kim2
, Soo-Jeong Cho2
, Sang Gyun Kim2
, Hyunsoo Chung2,3
Gut Liver 2025;19(2):189-197https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl240272Abstract : Background/Aims: Gastric neuroendocrine tumors (GNETs), once rare, have become more prevalent due to the increased use of endoscopy and increased physician awareness. The clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes of GNET management were explored in this study.Methods: The clinical data of 69 patients who treated at Seoul National University Hospital between January 2013 and October 2023 were retrospectively studied. Baseline characteristics, recurrence rates, associated factors, and overall survival rates were analyzed.Results: Of the tumors, 71.0% were grade 1, 24.6% were grade 2, 1.4% were grade 3, and 2.9% were poorly differentiated. In terms of tumor type, 69.6% were type I, 1.4% were type II, and 29.0% were type III. A significant proportion of patients with grade 1 tumors received more endoscopic treatment, whereas a significant proportion of patients with grade 2 tumors underwent surgery or chemotherapy (p=0.015). The overall 5-year survival and recurrence rates were 93.8% and 7.25% (5/69), respectively. Among five patients who experienced recurrence, three had metachronous recurrence, all of which were type I; the remaining two patients exhibited distant hepatic metastasis, encompassing types I and III. The time to recurrence was 1 to 9.8 years. Margin positivity (p=0.002) and invasion deeper than the submucosal layer (p=0.007) were associated with higher recurrence rates. However, there was no significant association between recurrence and intestinal metaplasia, atrophic gastritis, or Helicobacter pylori infection.Conclusions: Most patients with GNETs in this study had grade I and type I tumors, and the overall prognosis was favorable. Patients with risk factors for recurrence warrant further investigation. Those presenting margin positivity or deep invasion after resection should be closely monitored and undergo follow-up examinations, as necessary.
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Long-term Outcomes of Endoscopic Radiofrequency Ablation versus Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Widespread Superficial Esophageal Squamous Cell Neoplasia
Xin Tang1,2
, Qian-Qian Meng1
, Ye Gao1
, Chu-Ting Yu1
, Yan-Rong Zhang1
, Yan Bian1
, Jin-Fang Xu1
, Lei Xin1
, Wei Wang1
, Han Lin1
, Luo-Wei Wang1
Gut Liver 2025;19(2):198-206https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl240308Abstract : Background/Aims: Endoscopic radiofrequency ablation (ERFA) is a treatment option for superficial esophageal squamous cell neoplasia (ESCN), with a relatively low risk of stenosis; however, the long-term outcomes remain unclear. We aimed to compare the long-term outcomes of patients with widespread superficial ESCN who underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) or ERFA.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of patients with superficial ESCN who underwent ESD or ERFA between January 2015 and December 2021. The primary outcome measure was recurrence-free survival.Results: Ninety-two and 33 patients with superficial ESCN underwent ESD and ERFA, respectively. The en bloc, R0, and curative resection rates for ESD were 100.0%, 90.2%, and 76.1%, respectively. At 12 months, the complete response rate was comparable between the two groups (94.6% vs 90.9%, p=0.748). During a median follow-up of 66 months, recurrence-free survival was significantly longer in the ESD group than in the ERFA group (p=0.004), while no significant differences in overall survival (p=0.845) and disease-specific survival (p=0.494) were observed. Preoperative diagnosis of intramucosal cancer (adjusted hazard ratio, 5.55; vs high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia) was an independent predictor of recurrence. Significantly fewer patients in the ERFA group experienced stenosis compare to ESD group (15.2% vs 38.0%, p=0.016).Conclusions: The risk of recurrence was higher for ERFA than ESD for ESCN but overall survival was not affected. The risk of esophageal stenosis was significantly lower for patients who underwent ERFA.
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Effect of Probiotics on Improving Intestinal Mucosal Permeability and Inflammation after Surgery
Min-Jae Kim
, Young Ju Lee
, Zahid Hussain
, Hyojin Park
Gut Liver 2025;19(2):207-218https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl240170Abstract : Background/Aims: We explored the mechanisms underlying the improvement of postoperative ileus (POI) following probiotic pretreatment. We assessed intestinal permeability, inflammation, tight junction (TJ) protein expression in the gut epithelium, and plasma interleukin (IL)-17 levels in a guinea pig model of POI.Methods: Guinea pigs were divided into control, POI, and probiotic groups. The POI and probiotic groups underwent surgery, but the probiotic group received probiotics before the procedure. The ileum and proximal colon were harvested. Intestinal permeability was measured via horseradish peroxidase permeability. Inflammation was evaluated via leukocyte count in the intestinal wall muscle layer, and calprotectin expression in each intestinal wall layer was analyzed immunohistochemically. TJ proteins were analyzed using immunohistochemical staining, and plasma IL-17 levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results: The POI group exhibited increased intestinal permeability and inflammation, whereas probiotic pretreatment reduced the extent of these POI-induced changes. Probiotics restored the expression of TJ proteins occludin and zonula occludens-1 in the proximal colon, which were increased in the POI group. Calprotectin expression significantly increased in the muscle layer of the POI group and was downregulated in the probiotic group; however, no distinct differences were observed between the mucosal and submucosal layers. Plasma IL-17 levels did not significantly differ among the groups.Conclusions: Probiotic pretreatment may relieve POI by reducing intestinal permeability and inflammation and TJ protein expression in the gut epithelium. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic approach for POI management.
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The Long Noncoding RNA DUXAP8 Facilitates the Malignant Progression of Colon Cancer via the microRNA-378a-3p/FOXQ1 Axis
Rui Shang
, Jianqin Jin
, Yuecheng Wang
Gut Liver 2025;19(2):219-235https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl240178Abstract : Background/Aims: The long noncoding RNA DUXAP8 is a pivotal regulator in cancer pathogenesis, but the molecular mechanism underlying the role of DUXAP8 in colon cancer progression is underexplored.Methods: In addition to bioinformatic analyses, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to assess DUXAP8, microRNA-378a-3p, FOXQ1 expression in colon cancer tissues, and clinical data were analyzed to determine the correlation between DUXAP8 expression and colon cancer patient outcomes. Nuclear/cytoplasmic RNA fractionation was utilized to analyze the subcellular distribution of DUXAP8. Dual-luciferase and RNA immunoprecipitation assays were performed to confirm the binding of DUXAP8/FOXQ1 and microRNA-378a-3p. After cell transfection, qRT-PCR was performed to evaluate the modulatory relationship of DUXAP8/microRNA-378a-3p/FOXQ1. Cell Counting Kit-8, MTT, scratch healing, and Transwell assays were performed to evaluate the impact of DUXAP8/microRNA-378a-3p/FOXQ1 expression on colon cancer cell functions.Results: The results revealed that the expression of DUXAP8 and FOXQ1 was upregulated in colon cancer tissues, while the expression of microRNA-378a-3p was down-regulated. The increased DUXAP8 expression was positively correlated with lymph node metastasis and TNM stage. Dual-luciferase and RNA immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that DUXAP8 was a sponge for microRNA-378a-3p and targeted the ability of microRNA-378a-3p to regulate FOXQ1. In addition, functional experiment results revealed that overexpressed DUXAP8 facilitated the growth and migratory ability of colon cancer cells. DUXAP8 also reversed the tumor-suppressive effect of microRNA-378a-3p. However, silencing FOXQ1 could reverse the cancer-promoting effects of high DUXAP8 expression.Conclusions: DUXAP8 expression was significantly increased in colon cancer, which was associated with lymph node metastasis and unfavorable outcomes in colon cancer patients. DUXAP8 may hasten malignant progression of colon cancer cells through its effects on microRNA-378a-3p/FOXQ1.
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Trends and Factors Related to Quality of Life in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Sihyun Kim1
, Yu Kyung Jun2,3
, Yonghoon Choi2
, Cheol Min Shin2,3
, Young Soo Park2
, Nayoung Kim2,3
, Dong Ho Lee2,3
, Hyuk Yoon2,3
Gut Liver 2025;19(2):236-242https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl240172Abstract : Background/Aims: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (SIBDQ) score is strongly correlated with HRQoL in IBD patients. This study aimed to assess the factors influencing HRQoL in IBD patients.Methods: In this prospective study, all patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) completed the SIBDQ at enrollment; some patients also completed a second SIBDQ at follow-up. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine associations between SIBDQ scores and clinical factors.Results: A total of 1,020 patients participated (UC, 67%; CD, 33%). The median SIBDQ score was 52 (interquartile range, 44 to 59). In UC patients, the stool frequency (β=–2.333, p
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Risk of Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug (NSAID) and Proton Pump Inhibitor Users Compared with NSAID-Only Users: A Common Data Model Analysis
Moonhyung Lee1
, Myoungsuk Kim2
, Jae Myung Cha1
Gut Liver 2025;19(2):243-252https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl240247Abstract : Background/Aims: Recent studies have shown an increased risk of lower gastrointestinal bleeding in patients who use both nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). We analyzed the risk of lower gastrointestinal bleeding and compared this risk between NSAID+PPI users and NSAID-only users.Methods: In this retrospective, observational study, data from five hospitals were analyzed using a common data model to determine the risk of lower gastrointestinal bleeding and compare this risk between NSAID+PPI users (target cohort) and NSAID-only users (comparative cohort). Cox proportional hazard models and the Kaplan-Meier estimations were employed after extensive propensity score matching.Results: Among 24,530 individuals in the target cohort and 57,264 in the comparative cohort, 8,728 propensity score-matched pairs were analyzed. The risk of lower gastrointestinal bleeding was significantly higher in NSAID+PPI users than in NSAID-only users (hazard ratio [HR], 2.843; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.998 to 4.044; p65 years (HR, 2.737), males (HR, 2.963), and females (HR, 3.221). However, the risk of lower gastrointestinal bleeding was comparable between NSAID+mucoprotective agent users and NSAID-only users (HR, 2.057; 95% CI, 0.714 to 5.924; p=0.172).Conclusions: The risk of lower gastrointestinal bleeding was higher in NSAID+PPI users than in NSAID-only users. However, the risk of lower gastrointestinal bleeding was comparable between NSAID+mucoprotective agent users and NSAID-only users.
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Anxiety and Depression Are Associated with Poor Long-term Quality of Life in Moderate-to-Severe Ulcerative Colitis: Results of a 3-Year Longitudinal Study of the MOSAIK Cohort
Shin Ju Oh1
, Chang Hwan Choi2
, Sung-Ae Jung3
, Geun Am Song4
, Yoon Jae Kim5
, Ja Seol Koo6
, Sung Jae Shin7
, Geom Seog Seo8
, Kang-Moon Lee9
, Byung Ik Jang10
, Eun Suk Jung11
, Youngdoe Kim11
, Chang Kyun Lee1
Gut Liver 2025;19(2):253-264https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl240146Abstract : Background/Aims: We previously reported that patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis (UC) often experience common mental disorders (CMDs) such as anxiety and depression, necessitating immediate psychological interventions within the first 4 weeks of diagnosis. In this 3-year follow-up study of the MOSAIK cohort in Korea, we examined the effects of CMDs at initial diagnosis on clinical outcomes and health-related quality of life (HRQoL).Methods: We examined differences in clinical outcomes (evaluated based on clinical response, relapse, hospitalization, and medication use) and HRQoL (assessed using the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire [IBDQ] and Short Form 12 [SF-12]) according to Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) scores at diagnosis.Results: In a study involving 199 UC patients, 47.7% exhibited significant psychological distress (anxiety and/or depression) at diagnosis. Clinical follow-up showed no major differences in outcomes, including remission rates, response rates, or hospitalization rates, between patients with anxiety or depression at diagnosis and patients without anxiety or depression at diagnosis. The HRQoL at the end of follow-up was notably lower in those with baseline CMDs, particularly anxiety, across all domains of the IBDQ and SF-12. Linear mixed-effect models revealed that higher HADS scores, as well as higher Mayo scores, were independently associated with lower IBDQ scores and both summary domains of the SF-12. Additionally, regular attendance at follow-up visits during the study period was also related to improvements in HRQoL (all p
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Assessing the Validity of the AASLD Surgical Treatment Algorithm in Patients with Early-Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Aryoung Kim1,2
, Byeong Geun Song1
, Wonseok Kang1
, Geum-Youn Gwak1
, Yong-Han Paik1
, Moon Seok Choi1
, Joon Hyeok Lee1
, Myung Ji Goh1
, Dong Hyun Sinn1
Gut Liver 2025;19(2):265-274https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl240214Abstract : Background/Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a surgical treatment algorithm recently proposed by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) on survival outcomes in patients with early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and identify effective alternative treatment modalities when liver transplantation (LT) is not available.Methods: We studied the clinical data of 1,442 patients who were diagnosed with early-stage HCC (a single lesion measuring 2–5 cm in size or 2 to 3 lesions measuring ≤3 cm in size) between 2013 and 2018 and classified as Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) A or B. Analyses were separately performed for individuals recommended for resection (single lesion, CTP A and no clinically significant portal hypertension) and those recommended for LT (single lesion with impaired liver function such as CTP B or clinically significant portal hypertension or multiple lesions).Results: Of 791 patients recommended for surgical resection, 85.8% underwent resection. The 5-year survival rate was higher for patients who underwent surgical resection than for those who received other treatments (89.4% vs 72.3%). Among 651 patients recommended for LT, only 3.4% underwent the procedure. The most common alternative treatment modalities were transarterial therapy (39.3%) followed by resection (28.9%) and ablation (27.8%). The overall survival rate associated with transarterial therapy was lower than that for resection and ablation, whereas that of the latter two treatments were comparable.Conclusions: The survival outcomes of treatment strategies that most closely aligned with the algorithm proposed by the AASLD were superior to those of alternative treatment approaches. However, LT in patients with early-stage HCC can be challenging. When LT is not feasible, resection and ablation can be considered first-line alternative options.
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Membranous Overexpression of Fibronectin Predicts Microvascular Invasion and Poor Survival Outcomes in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Yoon Jung Hwang1,2
, Hyejung Lee1
, Suk Kyun Hong3
, Su Jong Yu4
, Haeryoung Kim1,5
Gut Liver 2025;19(2):275-285https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl240254Abstract : Background/Aims: Fibronectin (FN) has recently been identified as being overexpressed in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and deemed a promising biomarker of vascular invasion. The aim of this study was to examine the patterns of FN expression in HCC cells and their clinicopathological significance, such as their association with vascular invasion and angiogenesis patterns.Methods: Immunohistochemical analysis of FN was conducted using tissue microarrays from 258 surgically resected HCCs and matched nontumorous liver tissues. Three distinct FN expression patterns were observed: cytoplasmic, membranous, and sinusoidal. Moderate or strong expression was considered FN-positive.Results: Cytoplasmic or sinusoidal FN expression was significantly more common in HCC cells than in the adjacent liver tissue (p
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Association between Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Levels and Pancreatobiliary Cancer Risk in Patients with Diabetes: Evidence from the National Health Insurance Cooperation Health Checkup 2009 to 2012
Ji Hye Heo1,2
, Jun Goo Kang1
, Kyungdo Han3
, Kyong Joo Lee1
Gut Liver 2025;19(2):286-296https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl240322Abstract : Background/Aims: Elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels indicate hepatic dysfunction and have been linked to an increased risk of pancreatobiliary cancers. However, this association, particularly in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM), requires elucidation. We aimed to examine the association between elevated serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk in patients with diabetes.Methods: Our study included data from the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database for 2,459,966 adults aged >20 years diagnosed with DM between 2009 and 2012. We examined the association between serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk, considering DM-related factors. Serum GGT levels were categorized into quartiles, and Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to evaluate the association between serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk.Results: Over a median follow-up period of 7.2 years, 21,795 patients (0.89%) were newly diagnosed with pancreatobiliary cancer. The adjusted hazard ratio for pancreatobiliary cancer in quartiles 2–4 compared with that in quartile 1 was 1.091, 1.223, and 1.554, respectively, demonstrating a significant upward trend (p
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Pyloric Dysfunction: A Review of the Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Hee Kyong Na1,2
, Andrew A. Li2
, Andres Gottfried-Blackmore3
, Alexander J. Podboy4
, Micaela M. Esquivel5
, Abel A. Joseph2
, Linda Nguyen2
, Joo Ha Hwang2,5
Published online March 10, 2025https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl240421Abstract : Background/Aims: Elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels indicate hepatic dysfunction and have been linked to an increased risk of pancreatobiliary cancers. However, this association, particularly in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM), requires elucidation. We aimed to examine the association between elevated serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk in patients with diabetes.Methods: Our study included data from the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database for 2,459,966 adults aged >20 years diagnosed with DM between 2009 and 2012. We examined the association between serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk, considering DM-related factors. Serum GGT levels were categorized into quartiles, and Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to evaluate the association between serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk.Results: Over a median follow-up period of 7.2 years, 21,795 patients (0.89%) were newly diagnosed with pancreatobiliary cancer. The adjusted hazard ratio for pancreatobiliary cancer in quartiles 2–4 compared with that in quartile 1 was 1.091, 1.223, and 1.554, respectively, demonstrating a significant upward trend (p
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Prognostic Value of the Metabolic Response on Serial 18F-FDG PET/CT in Pancreatic Cancer
Jinwoo Ahn1
, Yoo Sung Song2
, Bomi Kim1
, Soomin Yang1
, Kwangrok Jung1
, Jong-Chan Lee1
, Jaihwan Kim1
, Jin-Hyeok Hwang1
Published online March 7, 2025https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl240458Abstract : Background/Aims: Elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels indicate hepatic dysfunction and have been linked to an increased risk of pancreatobiliary cancers. However, this association, particularly in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM), requires elucidation. We aimed to examine the association between elevated serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk in patients with diabetes.Methods: Our study included data from the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database for 2,459,966 adults aged >20 years diagnosed with DM between 2009 and 2012. We examined the association between serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk, considering DM-related factors. Serum GGT levels were categorized into quartiles, and Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to evaluate the association between serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk.Results: Over a median follow-up period of 7.2 years, 21,795 patients (0.89%) were newly diagnosed with pancreatobiliary cancer. The adjusted hazard ratio for pancreatobiliary cancer in quartiles 2–4 compared with that in quartile 1 was 1.091, 1.223, and 1.554, respectively, demonstrating a significant upward trend (p
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A New Model Based on Folate Receptor-Positive Circulating Tumor Cells for the Preoperative Prediction of Peritoneal Metastasis in Gastrointestinal Malignancies: A Retrospective Study in China
Dan Li1,2
, Can Liu3
, Renwang Hu1,2
Published online March 5, 2025https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl240462Abstract : Background/Aims: Elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels indicate hepatic dysfunction and have been linked to an increased risk of pancreatobiliary cancers. However, this association, particularly in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM), requires elucidation. We aimed to examine the association between elevated serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk in patients with diabetes.Methods: Our study included data from the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database for 2,459,966 adults aged >20 years diagnosed with DM between 2009 and 2012. We examined the association between serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk, considering DM-related factors. Serum GGT levels were categorized into quartiles, and Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to evaluate the association between serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk.Results: Over a median follow-up period of 7.2 years, 21,795 patients (0.89%) were newly diagnosed with pancreatobiliary cancer. The adjusted hazard ratio for pancreatobiliary cancer in quartiles 2–4 compared with that in quartile 1 was 1.091, 1.223, and 1.554, respectively, demonstrating a significant upward trend (p
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Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of a Dual Delayed-Release Formulation of 10-mg Esomeprazole in Patients with Gastric Erosions: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Control, Phase III Study
Hyun Lim1
, Ju Yup Lee2
, Yong Hwan Kwon3
, Hee Seok Moon4
, Jong Kyu Park5
, Ki Bae Kim6
, Sang Wook Kim7
, Young Hoon Youn8
, Sang Gyun Kim9
, Gwang Ha Kim10
, Ji Won Kim11
, Jae-Young Jang12
, Kye Sook Kwon13
, Joong Goo Kwon14
, Hyun-Soo Kim15
, Su Jin Hong16
, Kwang Jae Lee17
, Suck Chei Choi18
, Jeong Seop Moon19
, Nayoung Kim20
, Jong-Jae Park21
, Yirang Lim22
, Sung Hee Hong22
, Hwoon-Yong Jung23
Published online February 14, 2025https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl240390Abstract : Background/Aims: Elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels indicate hepatic dysfunction and have been linked to an increased risk of pancreatobiliary cancers. However, this association, particularly in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM), requires elucidation. We aimed to examine the association between elevated serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk in patients with diabetes.Methods: Our study included data from the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database for 2,459,966 adults aged >20 years diagnosed with DM between 2009 and 2012. We examined the association between serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk, considering DM-related factors. Serum GGT levels were categorized into quartiles, and Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to evaluate the association between serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk.Results: Over a median follow-up period of 7.2 years, 21,795 patients (0.89%) were newly diagnosed with pancreatobiliary cancer. The adjusted hazard ratio for pancreatobiliary cancer in quartiles 2–4 compared with that in quartile 1 was 1.091, 1.223, and 1.554, respectively, demonstrating a significant upward trend (p
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A Retrospective Study on Clinical Features of Autoimmune Gastritis: Impact of Age, Sex, and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease in China
Xu Wang1
, Chun-Jing Lu2
, Yi Ding3
, Jin-Yan Zhang1,4
, Zhong Xu1
, Juan Yu1
, Na Wu1
, Jian-Hai Wu5
, Wei-Feng Huang1,4
Published online February 13, 2025https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl240448Abstract : Background/Aims: Elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels indicate hepatic dysfunction and have been linked to an increased risk of pancreatobiliary cancers. However, this association, particularly in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM), requires elucidation. We aimed to examine the association between elevated serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk in patients with diabetes.Methods: Our study included data from the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database for 2,459,966 adults aged >20 years diagnosed with DM between 2009 and 2012. We examined the association between serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk, considering DM-related factors. Serum GGT levels were categorized into quartiles, and Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to evaluate the association between serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk.Results: Over a median follow-up period of 7.2 years, 21,795 patients (0.89%) were newly diagnosed with pancreatobiliary cancer. The adjusted hazard ratio for pancreatobiliary cancer in quartiles 2–4 compared with that in quartile 1 was 1.091, 1.223, and 1.554, respectively, demonstrating a significant upward trend (p
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Repurposing of Antiplatelet Agent: Cilostazol for the Treatment of Alcohol-Related Liver Disease
Jong Ryeol Eun1
, Seung Up Kim2,3
Published online January 8, 2025https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl240295Abstract : Background/Aims: Elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels indicate hepatic dysfunction and have been linked to an increased risk of pancreatobiliary cancers. However, this association, particularly in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM), requires elucidation. We aimed to examine the association between elevated serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk in patients with diabetes.Methods: Our study included data from the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database for 2,459,966 adults aged >20 years diagnosed with DM between 2009 and 2012. We examined the association between serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk, considering DM-related factors. Serum GGT levels were categorized into quartiles, and Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to evaluate the association between serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk.Results: Over a median follow-up period of 7.2 years, 21,795 patients (0.89%) were newly diagnosed with pancreatobiliary cancer. The adjusted hazard ratio for pancreatobiliary cancer in quartiles 2–4 compared with that in quartile 1 was 1.091, 1.223, and 1.554, respectively, demonstrating a significant upward trend (p
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Metabolic Disorders and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Hye Kyung Hyun1
, Jae Hee Cheon2,3
Published online January 8, 2025https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl240316Abstract : Background/Aims: Elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels indicate hepatic dysfunction and have been linked to an increased risk of pancreatobiliary cancers. However, this association, particularly in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM), requires elucidation. We aimed to examine the association between elevated serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk in patients with diabetes.Methods: Our study included data from the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database for 2,459,966 adults aged >20 years diagnosed with DM between 2009 and 2012. We examined the association between serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk, considering DM-related factors. Serum GGT levels were categorized into quartiles, and Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to evaluate the association between serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk.Results: Over a median follow-up period of 7.2 years, 21,795 patients (0.89%) were newly diagnosed with pancreatobiliary cancer. The adjusted hazard ratio for pancreatobiliary cancer in quartiles 2–4 compared with that in quartile 1 was 1.091, 1.223, and 1.554, respectively, demonstrating a significant upward trend (p
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Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Chronic Antibiotic-Refractory Pouchitis in Korean Patients with Ulcerative Colitis
Ji Eun Baek1,2
, Jung-Bin Park1
, June Hwa Bae1
, Min Hyun Kim3
, Seung Wook Hong1
, Sung Wook Hwang1
, Jong Lyul Lee3
, Yong Sik Yoon3
, Dong-Hoon Yang1
, Byong Duk Ye1
, Jeong-Sik Byeon1
, Seung-Jae Myung1
, Chang Sik Yu3
, Suk-Kyun Yang1
, Sang Hyoung Park1
Published online December 6, 2024https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl240226Abstract : Background/Aims: Elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels indicate hepatic dysfunction and have been linked to an increased risk of pancreatobiliary cancers. However, this association, particularly in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM), requires elucidation. We aimed to examine the association between elevated serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk in patients with diabetes.Methods: Our study included data from the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database for 2,459,966 adults aged >20 years diagnosed with DM between 2009 and 2012. We examined the association between serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk, considering DM-related factors. Serum GGT levels were categorized into quartiles, and Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to evaluate the association between serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk.Results: Over a median follow-up period of 7.2 years, 21,795 patients (0.89%) were newly diagnosed with pancreatobiliary cancer. The adjusted hazard ratio for pancreatobiliary cancer in quartiles 2–4 compared with that in quartile 1 was 1.091, 1.223, and 1.554, respectively, demonstrating a significant upward trend (p
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Short-term and Long-term Clinical Outcomes of Combined Caudate Lobectomy for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Involving the Hepatic Hilus: A Propensity Score Analysis
Di Zeng1,2
, Yaoqun Wang1,2
, Ningyuan Wen1,2
, Bei Li1,2
, Nansheng Cheng1,2
, Jiong Lu1,2
Published online September 27, 2024https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl240158Abstract : Background/Aims: Elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels indicate hepatic dysfunction and have been linked to an increased risk of pancreatobiliary cancers. However, this association, particularly in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM), requires elucidation. We aimed to examine the association between elevated serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk in patients with diabetes.Methods: Our study included data from the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database for 2,459,966 adults aged >20 years diagnosed with DM between 2009 and 2012. We examined the association between serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk, considering DM-related factors. Serum GGT levels were categorized into quartiles, and Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to evaluate the association between serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk.Results: Over a median follow-up period of 7.2 years, 21,795 patients (0.89%) were newly diagnosed with pancreatobiliary cancer. The adjusted hazard ratio for pancreatobiliary cancer in quartiles 2–4 compared with that in quartile 1 was 1.091, 1.223, and 1.554, respectively, demonstrating a significant upward trend (p
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Impact of Donor Age on Liver Transplant Outcomes in Patients with Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure: A Cohort Study
Jie Zhou1
, Danni Ye2
, Shenli Ren2
, Jiawei Ding2
, Tao Zhang2
, Siyao Zhang2
, Zheng Chen2
, Fangshen Xu2
, Yu Zhang1
, Huilin Zheng3
, Zhenhua Hu1,2
Published online June 21, 2024https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl230143Abstract : Background/Aims: Elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels indicate hepatic dysfunction and have been linked to an increased risk of pancreatobiliary cancers. However, this association, particularly in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM), requires elucidation. We aimed to examine the association between elevated serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk in patients with diabetes.Methods: Our study included data from the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database for 2,459,966 adults aged >20 years diagnosed with DM between 2009 and 2012. We examined the association between serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk, considering DM-related factors. Serum GGT levels were categorized into quartiles, and Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to evaluate the association between serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk.Results: Over a median follow-up period of 7.2 years, 21,795 patients (0.89%) were newly diagnosed with pancreatobiliary cancer. The adjusted hazard ratio for pancreatobiliary cancer in quartiles 2–4 compared with that in quartile 1 was 1.091, 1.223, and 1.554, respectively, demonstrating a significant upward trend (p
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Clinical Outcomes of Secondary Duodenal Self-Expandable Metallic Stenting for Duodenal Stent Dysfunction in Patients with Malignant Duodenal Obstruction: A Retrospective Multicenter Study
Hoonsub So1
, Hyun Don Joo2
, Tae Jun Song3
, Sung Woo Ko4
, Ho Seung Lee3
, Sung Hyun Cho3
, Dongwook Oh3
, Sung Yong Han5
, Dong Uk Kim5
, Dong-Wan Seo3
Published online May 22, 2024https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl240014Abstract : Background/Aims: Elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels indicate hepatic dysfunction and have been linked to an increased risk of pancreatobiliary cancers. However, this association, particularly in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM), requires elucidation. We aimed to examine the association between elevated serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk in patients with diabetes.Methods: Our study included data from the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database for 2,459,966 adults aged >20 years diagnosed with DM between 2009 and 2012. We examined the association between serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk, considering DM-related factors. Serum GGT levels were categorized into quartiles, and Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to evaluate the association between serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk.Results: Over a median follow-up period of 7.2 years, 21,795 patients (0.89%) were newly diagnosed with pancreatobiliary cancer. The adjusted hazard ratio for pancreatobiliary cancer in quartiles 2–4 compared with that in quartile 1 was 1.091, 1.223, and 1.554, respectively, demonstrating a significant upward trend (p
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Unraveling the Heterogeneity of CD8+ T-Cell Subsets in Liver Cirrhosis: Implications for Disease Progression
Kepu Zheng1
, Leiyang Dai2
, Shengning Zhang1
, Yingpeng Zhao1
, Wang Li1
, Yang Gao1
, Yuanyi Mang1
, Lingfeng Jiao1
, Yu Tang3
, Jianghua Ran1
Published online April 16, 2024https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl230345Abstract : Background/Aims: Elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels indicate hepatic dysfunction and have been linked to an increased risk of pancreatobiliary cancers. However, this association, particularly in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM), requires elucidation. We aimed to examine the association between elevated serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk in patients with diabetes.Methods: Our study included data from the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database for 2,459,966 adults aged >20 years diagnosed with DM between 2009 and 2012. We examined the association between serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk, considering DM-related factors. Serum GGT levels were categorized into quartiles, and Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to evaluate the association between serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk.Results: Over a median follow-up period of 7.2 years, 21,795 patients (0.89%) were newly diagnosed with pancreatobiliary cancer. The adjusted hazard ratio for pancreatobiliary cancer in quartiles 2–4 compared with that in quartile 1 was 1.091, 1.223, and 1.554, respectively, demonstrating a significant upward trend (p
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Are the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio and Platelet-Lymphocyte Ratio Prognostic Factors for Patients with Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer Treated with Chemoradiotherapy?
Jiong-Jie Yu1,2, Li-Yang Sun1,2, Bing Quan1,2, Tian Yang1
Published online October 10, 2018https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl18210Abstract : Background/Aims: Elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels indicate hepatic dysfunction and have been linked to an increased risk of pancreatobiliary cancers. However, this association, particularly in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM), requires elucidation. We aimed to examine the association between elevated serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk in patients with diabetes.Methods: Our study included data from the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database for 2,459,966 adults aged >20 years diagnosed with DM between 2009 and 2012. We examined the association between serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk, considering DM-related factors. Serum GGT levels were categorized into quartiles, and Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to evaluate the association between serum GGT levels and pancreatobiliary cancer risk.Results: Over a median follow-up period of 7.2 years, 21,795 patients (0.89%) were newly diagnosed with pancreatobiliary cancer. The adjusted hazard ratio for pancreatobiliary cancer in quartiles 2–4 compared with that in quartile 1 was 1.091, 1.223, and 1.554, respectively, demonstrating a significant upward trend (p
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