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    Gut and Liver is an international journal of gastroenterology, focusing on the gastrointestinal tract, liver, biliary tree, pancreas, motility, and neurogastroenterology. Gut atnd Liver delivers up-to-date, authoritative papers on both clinical and research-based topics in gastroenterology. The Journal publishes original articles, case reports, brief communications, letters to the editor and invited review articles in the field of gastroenterology. The Journal is operated by internationally renowned editorial boards and designed to provide a global opportunity to promote academic developments in the field of gastroenterology and hepatology. +MORE

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Clinical Significance of Early Detection of Esophageal Cancer in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer

Hyun Lim, Do Hoon Kim, Hwoon-Yong Jung, Eun Jeong Gong, Hee Kyong Na, Ji Yong Ahn, Mi-Young Kim, Jeong Hoon Lee, Kwi-Sook Choi, Kee Don Choi, Ho June Song, Gin Hyug Lee, and Jin-Ho Kim

Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, and Asan Digestive Disease Research Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Correspondence to: Hwoon-Yong Jung, Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, and Asan Digestive Disease Research Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea, Tel: +82-2-3010-3197, Fax: +82-2-476-0824, E-mail: hwoonymd@gmail.com

Received: October 27, 2013; Revised: December 30, 2013; Accepted: January 3, 2014

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Gut Liver 2015;9(2):159-166. https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl13401

Published online June 20, 2014, Published date March 31, 2015

Copyright © Gut and Liver.

Background/Aims

The efficacy of surveillance for esophageal squamous cell neoplasia (ESCN) in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains controversial. Our study aimed to provide clinical data concerning the necessity of surveillance for detecting early ESCN in patients with HNSCC.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the data from 714 patients who were pathologically confirmed as having HNSCC (n=236 oral cavity cancers, 137 oropharyngeal cancers, 87 hypopharyngeal cancers, and 254 laryngeal cancers).

Results

Of 714 patients, during a median follow-up of 31 months, 48 ESCNs (37 synchronous and 11 metachronous) were detected in 36 patients (5%). Fifteen synchronous lesions (40.3%) were early ESCN, whereas nine metachronous lesions (81.8%) were early ESCN. The 3-year survival rates of HNSCC only and HNSCC combined with ESCN were 71.2% and 48.2%, respectively (p<0.001). Among 36 patients with ESCN, the 3-year survival rates for early and advanced ESCN were 77.7% and 21.7%, respectively (p=0.01). In the multivariate analysis, alcohol consumption and hypopharyngeal cancer were significant factors associated with the development of ESCN.

Conclusions

HN-SCC patients with early ESCN were similar in prognosis with patients without ESCN, in contrast to patients with advanced ESCN. Therefore, surveillance for the early detection of ESCN in patients with HNSCC, especially in alcohol drinkers and those with hypopharyngeal cancer, is warranted.

Keywords: Esophageal neoplasms, Head and neck neoplasms, Early detection of cancer, Prognosis

Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HN-SCC) often have a second primary tumor (SPT) in their upper aerodigestive tract, most commonly in the head and neck, lung, and esophagus.1,2 It has been explained by field cancerization, whereby environmental carcinogens can induce changes in a region of mucosa that are linked with premalignant disease and that might increase the risk of epithelial cancer throughout the upper aerodigestive tract.3 The incidence of SPT in patients with HNSCC varies from 16% to 36%.4,5 The occurrence of SPT is the leading cause of mortality, accounting for one-third of HN-SCC deaths, because they are usually detected at an advanced stage.6,7

Esophageal squamous cell neoplasia (ESCN) is the most common SPT of the digestive tract in patients with HNSCC.5,814 Several studies report that SPT in the esophagus is the leading cause of treatment failure and death in patients with HNSCC.14,15 Among primary gastrointestinal cancers, ESCN has one of the worst prognoses: over 90% of patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage. On the other hand, the prognosis of patients with ESCN confined within the intraepithelium or mucosal layer is excellent, with 5-year survival rates of 85% to 100%.16 Therefore, early detection of ESCN appears warranted for improving the prognosis of patients with HNSCC. However, the efficacy of surveillance for ESCN in patients with HNSCC remains controversial and its impact on prognosis is not fully determined.13,17

The aims of this study were to provide clinical data on the necessity of surveillance to detect early ESCN in patients with HNSCC by analyzing the incidence, stage, and prognosis of the patients, and to investigate the risk factors associated with the development of ESCN.

1. Patients

We retrospectively reviewed the data of patients who were diagnosed with primary HNSCC at Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea, between May 2005 and May 2010, and met the following criteria: (1) HNSCC with confirmed pathology, (2) no history of previous surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy for other cancers during the previous 5 years, (3) no evidence of synchronous or metachronous cancer except ESCN. Data reviewed included age, gender, alcohol consumption, smoking, location of index HNSCC, stage of HNSCC, histological differentiation of HNSCC, treatment methods for HNSCC, presence of ESCN, stage of ESCN, date of diagnosis of HNSCC and ESCN, and date of death or last follow-up.

All patients underwent diagnostic work-ups with endoscopic and imaging analysis during initial staging as well as during follow-up after treatment. Initial staging work-ups included oral cavity inspection, endoscopic examinations of the pharynx and larynx, computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head and neck, whole body 18F-FDG positron emission tomography (PET) and esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). During follow-up after treatment, routine CT and/or MRI of the head and neck region and whole body 18F-FDG PET was carried out every 6 to 12 months up to the second year and alternatively checked annually thereafter. EGD was performed annually or biennially.

Alcohol consumption was estimated as the average number of grams of pure alcohol ingested per drinking day. Smoking was calculated as the number of cigarettes smoked per day multiplied by the number of total smoking years. Ex-smokers and former drinkers were defined as those who quit smoking or alcohol consumption for 5 or more years prior to index tumor diagnosis. Nonsmokers and nondrinkers were defined as patients who never used or who only rarely used tobacco and alcohol, respectively. The index primary tumor was defined as the first malignancy diagnosed, grouped by location (oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, or larynx). Tumor stage was classified according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer 7th edition.18 Diagnosis of the second primary ESCN was based on the criteria defined by Warren and Gates: (1) the tumor must be clearly malignant on histological examination, (2) the tumor must be separated by normal mucosa, and (3) the possibility that the second tumor represents a metastasis must be excluded.19 ESCN was defined as synchronous if it occurred within 1 year of the diagnosis of the HNSCC, or metachronous if it occurred over 1 year from the diagnosis of the HNSCC. Early ESCN was defined as a tumor limited to the mucosa or submucosa, and without lymph node metastasis or distant metastasis. Advanced ESCN was defined as a tumor that invaded beyond the submucosa of the esophagus, or a tumor that had lymph node or distant metastasis. In cases of HNSCC combined with multiple ESCNs, ESCN stage was defined according to the most advanced lesion.

2. Statistical analysis

The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS), defined as the time from the date of initial diagnosis of HNSCC to the date of death, and was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Survival was compared using the log-rank test. Logistic regression model was carried out to determine risk factors associated with the development of SPT in the esophagus. All potential prognostic factors with p-values <0.05 on univariate analyses were entered into the multivariate analyses. The final models were determined using the backward elimination method. The SPSS for Windows version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for all statistical analyses. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Asan Medical Center (2010-0045).

1. Baseline characteristics of patients with HNSCC

A total of 714 patients who met inclusion criteria were enrolled. The median age was 59 years (range, 18 to 87 years), and 590 patients (82.6%) were male (Table 1). Five hundred forty-five patients (76.3%) were current or ex-smokers and 463 patients (64.8%) had a history of alcohol consumption. Considering HNSCC location, 236 lesions (33.1%) were in the oral cavity, 137 lesions (19.2%) were in the oropharynx, 87 lesions (12.2%) were in the hypopharynx, and 254 lesions (35.5%) were in the larynx. Two hundred forty-seven patients (34.6%) had localized disease (stage 0 to II), and 467 patients (65.4%) had locally advanced or metastatic disease (stage III to IV).

2. Comparison of baseline characteristics of patients with HNSCC according to the existence of ESCN and stage of ESCN

Of the 714 patients with HNSCC, 36 patients (5%) had SPTs in the esophagus. Comparing baseline characteristics of HN-SCC patients according to the existence of ESCN, median age (63 years vs 59 years, p=0.041), male gender (97.2% vs 81.8%, p=0.016), current or ex-smoker (94.4% vs 75.4%, p=0.028), former or current drinker (91.7% vs 63.4%, p=0.001), amount of daily alcohol intake (23.9 g vs 9.6 g, p=0.019), and hypopharyngeal location (50% vs 10.2%, p<0.001) were significantly greater in patients with ESCN compared to without ESCN (Table 1). Surgical resection (70.5% vs 33.3%, p<0.001) was performed more in patients without ESCN.

Of the 36 patients with ESCN, 17 patients had early ESCN (stage 0 to I) and 19 patients had advanced ESCN (stage IIA to IVB). However, in comparison of baseline characteristics of HNSCC patients according to the stage of ESCN, there were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the groups, except smoking (p=0.002) and amount of daily alcohol intake (p=0.028) (Table 2).

3. Overall survival rate for patients with HNSCC according to the existence of ESCN and stage of ESCN

At a median follow-up of 31 months (range, 1 to 76 months), median OS was 55.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 53.3 to 57.7 months). The overall 3-year survival rate was 69.6%. The OS rates of patients with HNSCC according the existence of ESCN and stage of ESCN are shown in Fig. 1. The 3-year OS rates in HNSCC patients with or without ESCN were 48.2% and 71.2%, respectively (p<0.001) (Fig. 1A). The 3-year OS rates for patients with early and advanced ESCN were 77.7% and 21.7%, respectively (p=0.01) (Fig. 1B). However, there was no significant difference between patients without ESCN (71.2%) and patients with early ESCN (77.7%) (p=0.42).

4. Characteristics of combined ESCN lesions

The characteristics of combined ESCN lesions are shown in Table 3. Forty-eight ESCNs were detected in 36 patients: 26 patients had one lesion; eight patients had two lesions; and two patients had three lesions. The median interval time between the diagnosis of HNSCC and ESCN was 7.8 months (range, 0 to 72 months). Thirty-seven lesions (77.1%) were synchronous and 11 lesions (22.9%) were metachronous. Among 37 synchronous ESCNs, 15 lesions (40.3%) were early ESCN and 22 lesions (59.7%) were advanced ESCN. However, in case of metachronous ESCN, nine lesions (81.8%) were early ESCN and two lesions (18.2%) were advanced ESCN. Of the 15 synchronous early ESCNs, 12 lesions were detected during initial diagnostic work-up and the others were detected during follow-up. Of the 22 synchronous advanced ESCNs, 21 lesions were detected during initial diagnostic work-up and one lesion was detected during follow-up. Of the nine metachronous early ESCNs, seven lesions were detected by annual EGD surveillance and the others were detected by biennial EGD surveillance. However, all metachronous advanced ESCN were detected by biennial EGD surveillance. Seven lesions (14.5%) were located in the cervical or upper thoracic esophagus, 17 (35.4%) in the middle thoracic esophagus, and 24 (50%) in the lower thoracic esophagus.

5. Risk factors associated with the development of ESCN

The results from the logistic regression model to analyze the risk factor associated with the development of ESCN are shown in Table 4. In univariate analysis, age, gender, smoking, alcohol consumption, amount of daily alcohol intake, HNSCC location, and histological differentiation of HNSCC were associated with development of ESCN. In multivariate analysis, among them, alcohol consumption (former drinker: odds ratio [OR], 8.42, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.49 to 47.59, p=0.016; current drinker: OR, 4.37, 95% CI, 1.12 to 17.07, p=0.034), and hypopharyngeal cancer (OR, 15.85; 95% CI, 4.20 to 59.81; p<0.001) were the significant factors associated with development of ESCN.

In the present study, we investigated the incidence of second primary ESCN, prognosis according to the existence and stage of ESCN, and risk factors associated with the development of ESCN in patients with HNSCC, and aimed to provide clinical data on the necessity of surveillance for detecting early ESCN. Among 714 patients, the overall incidence of second primary ESCN was 5.0%. The OS rate of HNSCC patients with early ESCN represented a significantly improved prognosis over patients with advanced ESCN. Alcohol consumption and hypopharyngeal cancer were significant factors associated with the development of ESCN.

SPT in patients with HNSCC illustrate the concept of field cancerization, in which environmental carcinogens, such as tobacco and alcohol, may induce a field of mucosa afflicted with premalignant disease and elevate epithelial cancer risk throughout the upper aerodigestive tract.3 Of the various SPTs, ESCN is one of the most frequent SPT associated with HNSCC. The incidence of ESCN in patients with HNSCC has been reported to range from 0.8% to 21.9%, with differences in occurrences attributed to both geographic location and the anatomical location of the primary HNSCC.5,814 In our study, the incidence of ESCN was 5.0% and similar with that observed in the previous reports. These incidences are higher than the estimated incidence of HNSCC in the general population of Korea, which is 1.1%.20 Our result showed that patients with HNSCC are at increased risk of developing ESCN.

The introduction of new surgical techniques, improved radiotherapy techniques, and the use of chemotherapy has led to a significant improvement in locoregional control of HNSCC over the previous few decades; however, OS from HNSCC have not greatly improved.21,22 This is likely to be due to the frequent development of SPT that occur more often in patients with HNSCC than in patients with cancers of other sites. Among the SPT, ESCN is the most common SPT of the digestive tract and is one of leading causes of treatment failure and death with a median survival after the development of ESCN of less than 1 year, regardless of the site of the index tumor.23 Therefore, early detection of ESCN, utilizing modalities such as endoscopy, in patients with HNSCC appears critical for improving their prognosis.16 However, the efficacy of surveillance for ESCN remains controversial and its impact on prognosis has not been fully determined. We found that patients with ESCN and, in particular, advanced stage ESCN, had significant reductions in OS. The 3-year OS of HNSCC patients with early ESCN represented a significantly improved prognosis over patients with advanced ESCN. And, among 11 metachronous ESCNs detected by surveillance, ratio of early ESCN was 81.8%. Our results lend support to the argument that early detection of ESCN is critical and surveillance in patients with HNSCC is warranted.

To improve protocols for follow-up screening and identify at-risk patients, factors associated with the development of ESCN in patients with HNSCC must be identified. We found that two factors were associated with the development of ESCN: alcohol consumption and hypopharyngeal cancer. Alcohol consumption generally accepted as major behavioral risk factors for occurrence of HNSCC or ESCN.24,25 We demonstrated that the habit of drinking alcohol was an independent risk factor for development of ESCN. However, contrary to our expectations, smoking did not show any association with the development of ESCN. Smoking is closely associated with alcohol consumption, making it difficult to separate their effects. The reason for this result is unclear, and further studies are needed to clarify this issue.

Location of index tumors is associated with further development of SPT along the aerodigestive tract: the tumor had a tendency to follow either a respiratory (larynx-lung) or a digestive (pharynx-esophagus) axis.26,27 In our study, the incidence of second primary ESCN in patients with hypopharyngeal caner was 20.7% (18/87) and hypopharyngeal cancer was the significant factor associated with development of ESCN. This finding reinforces the concept that susceptibility to tumor formation lies primarily along the digestive axis (pharynx-esophagus), given an index tumor in the tract.

This study had several potential limitations. First, patients were reviewed in a retrospective manner, which introduces the possibility of publication, exclusion, and selection bias. Second, we did not routinely perform image-enhanced endoscopy, such as narrow band image and Lugol chromoendoscopy, enable early detection of ESCN and precancerous lesions. So, the incidence of synchronous or metachronous ESCN was likely to be underestimated although endoscopy was performed by experienced endoscopists. Third, this study was conducted in a single center; however, this center is major referral center in Korea. Multicenter studies should be performed to confirm the results of the current study.

In conclusion, patients with HNSCC have a high risk of developing ESCN. Patients with early ESCN were similar in prognosis with those without ESCN, in contrast to advanced ESCN. We recommended that optimal surveillance should be performed to detect early ESCN in patients with HNSCC, especially in those who have history of alcohol consumption and hypopharyngeal cancer. These efforts may substantially improve the prognosis of patients with HNSCC. And, further studies for optimal methods and interval of surveillance are needed to improve the detection rate of early ESCN.

Fig. 1.Kaplan-Meier survival curves for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) according to the existence (A) and stage of esophageal squamous cell neoplasia (ESCN) (B).

Baseline Characteristics for Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

HNSCC without ESCN (n=678)HNSCC with ESCN (n=36)p-value
Age, median (range), yr59 (18–87)63 (40–83)0.041
Male sex555 (81.8)35 (97.2)0.016
Smoking0.028
 Nonsmoker167 (24.6)2 (5.6)
 Ex-smoker103 (15.2)8 (22.2)
 Current smoker408 (60.2)26 (72.2)
Smoking index, median (IQR), pack-year24.0 (1.0–40.0)25.0 (18.0–45.0)0.256
Alcohol consumption0.001
 Nondrinker248 (36.6)3 (8.3)
 Former drinker31 (4.6)4 (11.1)
 Current drinker399 (58.8)29 (80.6)
Amount of daily alcohol intake, median (IQR), g9.6 (0.0–19.1)23.9 (9.6–67.0)0.019
Location of HNSCC<0.001
 Oral cavity232 (34.2)4 (11.1)
 Oropharynx134 (19.8)3 (8.3)
 Hypopharynx69 (10.2)18 (50)
 Larynx243 (35.8)11 (30.6)
Histological differentiation of HNSCC0.071
 Well differentiated252 (37.2)7 (19.4)
 Moderately differentiated328 (48.4)24 (66.7)
 Poorly differentiated98 (14.4)5 (13.9)
Clinical stage of HNSCC (AJCC 7th)0.718
 Stage 0 or I179 (26.4)7 (19.4)
 Stage II58 (8.6)3 (8.3)
 Stage III109 (16.1)5 (13.9)
 Stage IV332 (48.9)21 (58.4)
Treatment methods of HNSCC<0.001
 Surgery alone219 (32.3)4 (11.1)
 Surgery combined chemotherapy or radiotherapy260 (38.3)8 (22.2)
 Radiotherapy alone31 (4.6)3 (8.3)
 Chemotherapy alone20 (29.5)3 (8.3)
 Concurrent chemoradiotherapy127 (18.7)16 (44.4)
 Supportive care21 (3.0)2 (5.5)

Baseline Characteristics of Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Neoplasia

Early ESCN (n=17)Advanced ESCN (n=19)p-value
Age, median (range), yr65.4 (53–83)62.1 (40–80)0.288
Male sex17 (100)18 (94.4)0.999
Smoking0.002
 Nonsmoker02 (10.5)
 Ex-smoker08 (42.1)
 Current smoker17 (100)9 (47.4)
Smoking index, median (IQR), pack-year27.5 (18.5–42.5)25.0 (16.0–49.5)0.521
Alcohol consumption0.231
 Nondrinker03 (15.8)
 Former drinker2 (5.9)2 (10.5)
 Current drinker15 (94.1)14 (73.7)
Amount of daily alcohol intake, median (IQR), g47.9 (21.5–67.0)9.6 (4.8–33.5)0.028
Intervals between HNSCC and ESCN, mo9.59 (0–72)6.16 (0–54)0.547
Location of HNSCC0.535
 Oral cavity1 (5.8)3 (15.9)
 Oropharynx1 (5.8)2 (10.5)
 Hypopharynx10 (58.9)8 (42.1)
 Larynx5 (29.5)6 (31.5)
Histological differentiation of HNSCC0.581
 Well differentiated4 (23.5)3 (15.7)
 Moderately differentiated11 (64.7)13 (68.4)
 Poorly differentiated2 (11.7)3 (15.7)
Clinical stage of HNSCC (AJCC 7th)0.437
 Stage 0 or I4 (23.5)3 (15.7)
 Stage II1 (5.8)2 (10.5)
 Stage III4 (23.5)1 (5.3)
 Stage IV8 (47.1)13 (68.4)
Treatment methods of HNSCC0.868
 Surgery alone3 (17.6)1 (5.3)
 Surgery combined chemotherapy or radiotherapy3 (17.6)5 (26.3)
 Radiotherapy alone3 (17.6)0
 Chemotherapy alone03 (15.9)
 Concurrent chemoradiotherapy7 (41.3)9 (47.2)
 Supportive care1 (5.9)1 (5.3)

Characteristics of Combined Esophageal Squamous Cell Neoplasia

CharacteristicNo. of lesions (%)
No. of ESCN
 Single26 (72.2)
 Double8 (22.2)
 Triple2 (5.6)
Location of ESCN
 Cervical and upper thoracic esophagus7 (14.5)
 Middle thoracic esophagus17 (35.4)
 Lower thoracic esophagus24 (50.0)
Histological differentiation of ESCN
 High grade dysplasia8 (16.6)
 SCC, well differentiated12 (25.0)
 SCC, moderately differentiated22 (45.7)
 SCC, poorly differentiated6 (12.5)
Clinical stage of ESCN (AJCC 7th)
 Stage 0 or I17 (47.2)
 Stage II6 (16.7)
 Stage III9 (25.0)
 Stage IV4 (11.1)

Analysis of Factors Associated with the Development of Esophageal Squamous Cell Neoplasia

Univariate analysisMultivariate analysis


OR (95% CI)p-valueOR (95% CI)p-value
Age1.04 (1.01–1.07)0.0361.01 (0.96–1.05)0.799
Male sex7.76 (1.05–57.16)0.0441.76 (0.18–17.61)0.631
Smoking
 Nonsmoker11
 Ex-smoker6.49 (1.35–31.14)0.022.78 (0.43–18.16)0.285
 Current smoker5.32 (1.25–22.67)0.0241.19 (0.21–6.66)0.847
Smoking index1.007 (0.99–1.02)0.256
Alcohol consumption
 Nondrinker11
 Former drinker10.67 (2.28–49.9)0.0038.42 (1.49–47.59)0.016
 Current drinker6.01 (1.81–19.93)0.0034.37 (1.12–17.07)0.034
Amount of daily alcohol intake1.01 (1.01–1.02)0.0011.00 (0.99–1.01)0.887
Location of HNSCC
 Oral cavity11
 Oropharynx0.43 (0.05–3.86)0.4480.44 (0.044–4.43)0.486
 Hypopharynx17.31 (5.72–52.41)<0.00115.85 (4.20–59.81)<0.001
 Larynx2.63 (0.82–8.36)0.1022.42 (0.62–9.51)0.205
Histological differentiation of HNSCC
 Well differentiated11
 Moderately differentiated2.64 (1.14–6.21)0.0272.31 (0.87–6.12)0.092
 Poorly differentiated1.84 (0.57–5.93)0.3093.85 (0.97–15.33)0.056
Stage of HNSCC (AJCC 7th)
 Stage 0 or I1-
 Stage II1.32 (0.33–5.28)0.692--
 Stage III1.17 (0.36–3.79)0.790--
 Stage IV1.62 (0.68–3.88)0.281--

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  17. Hirota, WK, Zuckerman, MJ, Adler, DG, et al. ASGE guideline: the role of endoscopy in the surveillance of premalignant conditions of the upper GI tract. Gastrointest Endosc, 2006;63;570-580.
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  19. Warren, S, Gates, O. Multiple primary malignant tumors: a survey of the literature and a statistical study. Am J Cancer, 1932;16;1358-1414.
  20. Statistics Korea. Korean statistical information service [Internet]. Daejeon: Statistics Korea, [cited 2013 Aug 2].
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  21. Sant, M, Aareleid, T, Berrino, F, et al. EUROCARE-3: survival of cancer patients diagnosed 1990?94--results and commentary. Ann Oncol, 2003;14;v61-v118.
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  25. Aaltonen LA, Hamilton SR. Pathology and genetics of tumours of the digestive system. Lyon: IARC Press; 2000. p. 270.
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Article

Original Article

Gut Liver 2015; 9(2): 159-166

Published online March 31, 2015 https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl13401

Copyright © Gut and Liver.

Clinical Significance of Early Detection of Esophageal Cancer in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer

Hyun Lim, Do Hoon Kim, Hwoon-Yong Jung, Eun Jeong Gong, Hee Kyong Na, Ji Yong Ahn, Mi-Young Kim, Jeong Hoon Lee, Kwi-Sook Choi, Kee Don Choi, Ho June Song, Gin Hyug Lee, and Jin-Ho Kim

Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, and Asan Digestive Disease Research Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Correspondence to: Hwoon-Yong Jung, Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, and Asan Digestive Disease Research Institute, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea, Tel: +82-2-3010-3197, Fax: +82-2-476-0824, E-mail: hwoonymd@gmail.com

Received: October 27, 2013; Revised: December 30, 2013; Accepted: January 3, 2014

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Background/Aims

The efficacy of surveillance for esophageal squamous cell neoplasia (ESCN) in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains controversial. Our study aimed to provide clinical data concerning the necessity of surveillance for detecting early ESCN in patients with HNSCC.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the data from 714 patients who were pathologically confirmed as having HNSCC (n=236 oral cavity cancers, 137 oropharyngeal cancers, 87 hypopharyngeal cancers, and 254 laryngeal cancers).

Results

Of 714 patients, during a median follow-up of 31 months, 48 ESCNs (37 synchronous and 11 metachronous) were detected in 36 patients (5%). Fifteen synchronous lesions (40.3%) were early ESCN, whereas nine metachronous lesions (81.8%) were early ESCN. The 3-year survival rates of HNSCC only and HNSCC combined with ESCN were 71.2% and 48.2%, respectively (p<0.001). Among 36 patients with ESCN, the 3-year survival rates for early and advanced ESCN were 77.7% and 21.7%, respectively (p=0.01). In the multivariate analysis, alcohol consumption and hypopharyngeal cancer were significant factors associated with the development of ESCN.

Conclusions

HN-SCC patients with early ESCN were similar in prognosis with patients without ESCN, in contrast to patients with advanced ESCN. Therefore, surveillance for the early detection of ESCN in patients with HNSCC, especially in alcohol drinkers and those with hypopharyngeal cancer, is warranted.

Keywords: Esophageal neoplasms, Head and neck neoplasms, Early detection of cancer, Prognosis

INTRODUCTION

Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HN-SCC) often have a second primary tumor (SPT) in their upper aerodigestive tract, most commonly in the head and neck, lung, and esophagus.1,2 It has been explained by field cancerization, whereby environmental carcinogens can induce changes in a region of mucosa that are linked with premalignant disease and that might increase the risk of epithelial cancer throughout the upper aerodigestive tract.3 The incidence of SPT in patients with HNSCC varies from 16% to 36%.4,5 The occurrence of SPT is the leading cause of mortality, accounting for one-third of HN-SCC deaths, because they are usually detected at an advanced stage.6,7

Esophageal squamous cell neoplasia (ESCN) is the most common SPT of the digestive tract in patients with HNSCC.5,814 Several studies report that SPT in the esophagus is the leading cause of treatment failure and death in patients with HNSCC.14,15 Among primary gastrointestinal cancers, ESCN has one of the worst prognoses: over 90% of patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage. On the other hand, the prognosis of patients with ESCN confined within the intraepithelium or mucosal layer is excellent, with 5-year survival rates of 85% to 100%.16 Therefore, early detection of ESCN appears warranted for improving the prognosis of patients with HNSCC. However, the efficacy of surveillance for ESCN in patients with HNSCC remains controversial and its impact on prognosis is not fully determined.13,17

The aims of this study were to provide clinical data on the necessity of surveillance to detect early ESCN in patients with HNSCC by analyzing the incidence, stage, and prognosis of the patients, and to investigate the risk factors associated with the development of ESCN.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

1. Patients

We retrospectively reviewed the data of patients who were diagnosed with primary HNSCC at Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea, between May 2005 and May 2010, and met the following criteria: (1) HNSCC with confirmed pathology, (2) no history of previous surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy for other cancers during the previous 5 years, (3) no evidence of synchronous or metachronous cancer except ESCN. Data reviewed included age, gender, alcohol consumption, smoking, location of index HNSCC, stage of HNSCC, histological differentiation of HNSCC, treatment methods for HNSCC, presence of ESCN, stage of ESCN, date of diagnosis of HNSCC and ESCN, and date of death or last follow-up.

All patients underwent diagnostic work-ups with endoscopic and imaging analysis during initial staging as well as during follow-up after treatment. Initial staging work-ups included oral cavity inspection, endoscopic examinations of the pharynx and larynx, computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head and neck, whole body 18F-FDG positron emission tomography (PET) and esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). During follow-up after treatment, routine CT and/or MRI of the head and neck region and whole body 18F-FDG PET was carried out every 6 to 12 months up to the second year and alternatively checked annually thereafter. EGD was performed annually or biennially.

Alcohol consumption was estimated as the average number of grams of pure alcohol ingested per drinking day. Smoking was calculated as the number of cigarettes smoked per day multiplied by the number of total smoking years. Ex-smokers and former drinkers were defined as those who quit smoking or alcohol consumption for 5 or more years prior to index tumor diagnosis. Nonsmokers and nondrinkers were defined as patients who never used or who only rarely used tobacco and alcohol, respectively. The index primary tumor was defined as the first malignancy diagnosed, grouped by location (oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, or larynx). Tumor stage was classified according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer 7th edition.18 Diagnosis of the second primary ESCN was based on the criteria defined by Warren and Gates: (1) the tumor must be clearly malignant on histological examination, (2) the tumor must be separated by normal mucosa, and (3) the possibility that the second tumor represents a metastasis must be excluded.19 ESCN was defined as synchronous if it occurred within 1 year of the diagnosis of the HNSCC, or metachronous if it occurred over 1 year from the diagnosis of the HNSCC. Early ESCN was defined as a tumor limited to the mucosa or submucosa, and without lymph node metastasis or distant metastasis. Advanced ESCN was defined as a tumor that invaded beyond the submucosa of the esophagus, or a tumor that had lymph node or distant metastasis. In cases of HNSCC combined with multiple ESCNs, ESCN stage was defined according to the most advanced lesion.

2. Statistical analysis

The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS), defined as the time from the date of initial diagnosis of HNSCC to the date of death, and was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Survival was compared using the log-rank test. Logistic regression model was carried out to determine risk factors associated with the development of SPT in the esophagus. All potential prognostic factors with p-values <0.05 on univariate analyses were entered into the multivariate analyses. The final models were determined using the backward elimination method. The SPSS for Windows version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for all statistical analyses. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Asan Medical Center (2010-0045).

RESULTS

1. Baseline characteristics of patients with HNSCC

A total of 714 patients who met inclusion criteria were enrolled. The median age was 59 years (range, 18 to 87 years), and 590 patients (82.6%) were male (Table 1). Five hundred forty-five patients (76.3%) were current or ex-smokers and 463 patients (64.8%) had a history of alcohol consumption. Considering HNSCC location, 236 lesions (33.1%) were in the oral cavity, 137 lesions (19.2%) were in the oropharynx, 87 lesions (12.2%) were in the hypopharynx, and 254 lesions (35.5%) were in the larynx. Two hundred forty-seven patients (34.6%) had localized disease (stage 0 to II), and 467 patients (65.4%) had locally advanced or metastatic disease (stage III to IV).

2. Comparison of baseline characteristics of patients with HNSCC according to the existence of ESCN and stage of ESCN

Of the 714 patients with HNSCC, 36 patients (5%) had SPTs in the esophagus. Comparing baseline characteristics of HN-SCC patients according to the existence of ESCN, median age (63 years vs 59 years, p=0.041), male gender (97.2% vs 81.8%, p=0.016), current or ex-smoker (94.4% vs 75.4%, p=0.028), former or current drinker (91.7% vs 63.4%, p=0.001), amount of daily alcohol intake (23.9 g vs 9.6 g, p=0.019), and hypopharyngeal location (50% vs 10.2%, p<0.001) were significantly greater in patients with ESCN compared to without ESCN (Table 1). Surgical resection (70.5% vs 33.3%, p<0.001) was performed more in patients without ESCN.

Of the 36 patients with ESCN, 17 patients had early ESCN (stage 0 to I) and 19 patients had advanced ESCN (stage IIA to IVB). However, in comparison of baseline characteristics of HNSCC patients according to the stage of ESCN, there were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the groups, except smoking (p=0.002) and amount of daily alcohol intake (p=0.028) (Table 2).

3. Overall survival rate for patients with HNSCC according to the existence of ESCN and stage of ESCN

At a median follow-up of 31 months (range, 1 to 76 months), median OS was 55.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 53.3 to 57.7 months). The overall 3-year survival rate was 69.6%. The OS rates of patients with HNSCC according the existence of ESCN and stage of ESCN are shown in Fig. 1. The 3-year OS rates in HNSCC patients with or without ESCN were 48.2% and 71.2%, respectively (p<0.001) (Fig. 1A). The 3-year OS rates for patients with early and advanced ESCN were 77.7% and 21.7%, respectively (p=0.01) (Fig. 1B). However, there was no significant difference between patients without ESCN (71.2%) and patients with early ESCN (77.7%) (p=0.42).

4. Characteristics of combined ESCN lesions

The characteristics of combined ESCN lesions are shown in Table 3. Forty-eight ESCNs were detected in 36 patients: 26 patients had one lesion; eight patients had two lesions; and two patients had three lesions. The median interval time between the diagnosis of HNSCC and ESCN was 7.8 months (range, 0 to 72 months). Thirty-seven lesions (77.1%) were synchronous and 11 lesions (22.9%) were metachronous. Among 37 synchronous ESCNs, 15 lesions (40.3%) were early ESCN and 22 lesions (59.7%) were advanced ESCN. However, in case of metachronous ESCN, nine lesions (81.8%) were early ESCN and two lesions (18.2%) were advanced ESCN. Of the 15 synchronous early ESCNs, 12 lesions were detected during initial diagnostic work-up and the others were detected during follow-up. Of the 22 synchronous advanced ESCNs, 21 lesions were detected during initial diagnostic work-up and one lesion was detected during follow-up. Of the nine metachronous early ESCNs, seven lesions were detected by annual EGD surveillance and the others were detected by biennial EGD surveillance. However, all metachronous advanced ESCN were detected by biennial EGD surveillance. Seven lesions (14.5%) were located in the cervical or upper thoracic esophagus, 17 (35.4%) in the middle thoracic esophagus, and 24 (50%) in the lower thoracic esophagus.

5. Risk factors associated with the development of ESCN

The results from the logistic regression model to analyze the risk factor associated with the development of ESCN are shown in Table 4. In univariate analysis, age, gender, smoking, alcohol consumption, amount of daily alcohol intake, HNSCC location, and histological differentiation of HNSCC were associated with development of ESCN. In multivariate analysis, among them, alcohol consumption (former drinker: odds ratio [OR], 8.42, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.49 to 47.59, p=0.016; current drinker: OR, 4.37, 95% CI, 1.12 to 17.07, p=0.034), and hypopharyngeal cancer (OR, 15.85; 95% CI, 4.20 to 59.81; p<0.001) were the significant factors associated with development of ESCN.

DISCUSSION

In the present study, we investigated the incidence of second primary ESCN, prognosis according to the existence and stage of ESCN, and risk factors associated with the development of ESCN in patients with HNSCC, and aimed to provide clinical data on the necessity of surveillance for detecting early ESCN. Among 714 patients, the overall incidence of second primary ESCN was 5.0%. The OS rate of HNSCC patients with early ESCN represented a significantly improved prognosis over patients with advanced ESCN. Alcohol consumption and hypopharyngeal cancer were significant factors associated with the development of ESCN.

SPT in patients with HNSCC illustrate the concept of field cancerization, in which environmental carcinogens, such as tobacco and alcohol, may induce a field of mucosa afflicted with premalignant disease and elevate epithelial cancer risk throughout the upper aerodigestive tract.3 Of the various SPTs, ESCN is one of the most frequent SPT associated with HNSCC. The incidence of ESCN in patients with HNSCC has been reported to range from 0.8% to 21.9%, with differences in occurrences attributed to both geographic location and the anatomical location of the primary HNSCC.5,814 In our study, the incidence of ESCN was 5.0% and similar with that observed in the previous reports. These incidences are higher than the estimated incidence of HNSCC in the general population of Korea, which is 1.1%.20 Our result showed that patients with HNSCC are at increased risk of developing ESCN.

The introduction of new surgical techniques, improved radiotherapy techniques, and the use of chemotherapy has led to a significant improvement in locoregional control of HNSCC over the previous few decades; however, OS from HNSCC have not greatly improved.21,22 This is likely to be due to the frequent development of SPT that occur more often in patients with HNSCC than in patients with cancers of other sites. Among the SPT, ESCN is the most common SPT of the digestive tract and is one of leading causes of treatment failure and death with a median survival after the development of ESCN of less than 1 year, regardless of the site of the index tumor.23 Therefore, early detection of ESCN, utilizing modalities such as endoscopy, in patients with HNSCC appears critical for improving their prognosis.16 However, the efficacy of surveillance for ESCN remains controversial and its impact on prognosis has not been fully determined. We found that patients with ESCN and, in particular, advanced stage ESCN, had significant reductions in OS. The 3-year OS of HNSCC patients with early ESCN represented a significantly improved prognosis over patients with advanced ESCN. And, among 11 metachronous ESCNs detected by surveillance, ratio of early ESCN was 81.8%. Our results lend support to the argument that early detection of ESCN is critical and surveillance in patients with HNSCC is warranted.

To improve protocols for follow-up screening and identify at-risk patients, factors associated with the development of ESCN in patients with HNSCC must be identified. We found that two factors were associated with the development of ESCN: alcohol consumption and hypopharyngeal cancer. Alcohol consumption generally accepted as major behavioral risk factors for occurrence of HNSCC or ESCN.24,25 We demonstrated that the habit of drinking alcohol was an independent risk factor for development of ESCN. However, contrary to our expectations, smoking did not show any association with the development of ESCN. Smoking is closely associated with alcohol consumption, making it difficult to separate their effects. The reason for this result is unclear, and further studies are needed to clarify this issue.

Location of index tumors is associated with further development of SPT along the aerodigestive tract: the tumor had a tendency to follow either a respiratory (larynx-lung) or a digestive (pharynx-esophagus) axis.26,27 In our study, the incidence of second primary ESCN in patients with hypopharyngeal caner was 20.7% (18/87) and hypopharyngeal cancer was the significant factor associated with development of ESCN. This finding reinforces the concept that susceptibility to tumor formation lies primarily along the digestive axis (pharynx-esophagus), given an index tumor in the tract.

This study had several potential limitations. First, patients were reviewed in a retrospective manner, which introduces the possibility of publication, exclusion, and selection bias. Second, we did not routinely perform image-enhanced endoscopy, such as narrow band image and Lugol chromoendoscopy, enable early detection of ESCN and precancerous lesions. So, the incidence of synchronous or metachronous ESCN was likely to be underestimated although endoscopy was performed by experienced endoscopists. Third, this study was conducted in a single center; however, this center is major referral center in Korea. Multicenter studies should be performed to confirm the results of the current study.

In conclusion, patients with HNSCC have a high risk of developing ESCN. Patients with early ESCN were similar in prognosis with those without ESCN, in contrast to advanced ESCN. We recommended that optimal surveillance should be performed to detect early ESCN in patients with HNSCC, especially in those who have history of alcohol consumption and hypopharyngeal cancer. These efforts may substantially improve the prognosis of patients with HNSCC. And, further studies for optimal methods and interval of surveillance are needed to improve the detection rate of early ESCN.

Fig 1.

Figure 1.Kaplan-Meier survival curves for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) according to the existence (A) and stage of esophageal squamous cell neoplasia (ESCN) (B).
Gut and Liver 2015; 9: 159-166https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl13401

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics for Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

HNSCC without ESCN (n=678)HNSCC with ESCN (n=36)p-value
Age, median (range), yr59 (18–87)63 (40–83)0.041
Male sex555 (81.8)35 (97.2)0.016
Smoking0.028
 Nonsmoker167 (24.6)2 (5.6)
 Ex-smoker103 (15.2)8 (22.2)
 Current smoker408 (60.2)26 (72.2)
Smoking index, median (IQR), pack-year24.0 (1.0–40.0)25.0 (18.0–45.0)0.256
Alcohol consumption0.001
 Nondrinker248 (36.6)3 (8.3)
 Former drinker31 (4.6)4 (11.1)
 Current drinker399 (58.8)29 (80.6)
Amount of daily alcohol intake, median (IQR), g9.6 (0.0–19.1)23.9 (9.6–67.0)0.019
Location of HNSCC<0.001
 Oral cavity232 (34.2)4 (11.1)
 Oropharynx134 (19.8)3 (8.3)
 Hypopharynx69 (10.2)18 (50)
 Larynx243 (35.8)11 (30.6)
Histological differentiation of HNSCC0.071
 Well differentiated252 (37.2)7 (19.4)
 Moderately differentiated328 (48.4)24 (66.7)
 Poorly differentiated98 (14.4)5 (13.9)
Clinical stage of HNSCC (AJCC 7th)0.718
 Stage 0 or I179 (26.4)7 (19.4)
 Stage II58 (8.6)3 (8.3)
 Stage III109 (16.1)5 (13.9)
 Stage IV332 (48.9)21 (58.4)
Treatment methods of HNSCC<0.001
 Surgery alone219 (32.3)4 (11.1)
 Surgery combined chemotherapy or radiotherapy260 (38.3)8 (22.2)
 Radiotherapy alone31 (4.6)3 (8.3)
 Chemotherapy alone20 (29.5)3 (8.3)
 Concurrent chemoradiotherapy127 (18.7)16 (44.4)
 Supportive care21 (3.0)2 (5.5)

Data are presented as median (range) or number (%).

HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; ESCN, esophageal squamous cell neoplasia; IQR, interquartile range; AJCC, American Joint Committee on Cancer.


Table 2 Baseline Characteristics of Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Neoplasia

Early ESCN (n=17)Advanced ESCN (n=19)p-value
Age, median (range), yr65.4 (53–83)62.1 (40–80)0.288
Male sex17 (100)18 (94.4)0.999
Smoking0.002
 Nonsmoker02 (10.5)
 Ex-smoker08 (42.1)
 Current smoker17 (100)9 (47.4)
Smoking index, median (IQR), pack-year27.5 (18.5–42.5)25.0 (16.0–49.5)0.521
Alcohol consumption0.231
 Nondrinker03 (15.8)
 Former drinker2 (5.9)2 (10.5)
 Current drinker15 (94.1)14 (73.7)
Amount of daily alcohol intake, median (IQR), g47.9 (21.5–67.0)9.6 (4.8–33.5)0.028
Intervals between HNSCC and ESCN, mo9.59 (0–72)6.16 (0–54)0.547
Location of HNSCC0.535
 Oral cavity1 (5.8)3 (15.9)
 Oropharynx1 (5.8)2 (10.5)
 Hypopharynx10 (58.9)8 (42.1)
 Larynx5 (29.5)6 (31.5)
Histological differentiation of HNSCC0.581
 Well differentiated4 (23.5)3 (15.7)
 Moderately differentiated11 (64.7)13 (68.4)
 Poorly differentiated2 (11.7)3 (15.7)
Clinical stage of HNSCC (AJCC 7th)0.437
 Stage 0 or I4 (23.5)3 (15.7)
 Stage II1 (5.8)2 (10.5)
 Stage III4 (23.5)1 (5.3)
 Stage IV8 (47.1)13 (68.4)
Treatment methods of HNSCC0.868
 Surgery alone3 (17.6)1 (5.3)
 Surgery combined chemotherapy or radiotherapy3 (17.6)5 (26.3)
 Radiotherapy alone3 (17.6)0
 Chemotherapy alone03 (15.9)
 Concurrent chemoradiotherapy7 (41.3)9 (47.2)
 Supportive care1 (5.9)1 (5.3)

Data are presented as median (range) or number (%).

ESCN, esophageal squamous cell neoplasia; IQC, interquartile range; HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; AJCC, American Joint Committee on Cancer.


Table 3 Characteristics of Combined Esophageal Squamous Cell Neoplasia

CharacteristicNo. of lesions (%)
No. of ESCN
 Single26 (72.2)
 Double8 (22.2)
 Triple2 (5.6)
Location of ESCN
 Cervical and upper thoracic esophagus7 (14.5)
 Middle thoracic esophagus17 (35.4)
 Lower thoracic esophagus24 (50.0)
Histological differentiation of ESCN
 High grade dysplasia8 (16.6)
 SCC, well differentiated12 (25.0)
 SCC, moderately differentiated22 (45.7)
 SCC, poorly differentiated6 (12.5)
Clinical stage of ESCN (AJCC 7th)
 Stage 0 or I17 (47.2)
 Stage II6 (16.7)
 Stage III9 (25.0)
 Stage IV4 (11.1)

ESCN, esophageal squamous cell neoplasia; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; AJCC, American Joint Committee on Cancer.


Table 4 Analysis of Factors Associated with the Development of Esophageal Squamous Cell Neoplasia

Univariate analysisMultivariate analysis


OR (95% CI)p-valueOR (95% CI)p-value
Age1.04 (1.01–1.07)0.0361.01 (0.96–1.05)0.799
Male sex7.76 (1.05–57.16)0.0441.76 (0.18–17.61)0.631
Smoking
 Nonsmoker11
 Ex-smoker6.49 (1.35–31.14)0.022.78 (0.43–18.16)0.285
 Current smoker5.32 (1.25–22.67)0.0241.19 (0.21–6.66)0.847
Smoking index1.007 (0.99–1.02)0.256
Alcohol consumption
 Nondrinker11
 Former drinker10.67 (2.28–49.9)0.0038.42 (1.49–47.59)0.016
 Current drinker6.01 (1.81–19.93)0.0034.37 (1.12–17.07)0.034
Amount of daily alcohol intake1.01 (1.01–1.02)0.0011.00 (0.99–1.01)0.887
Location of HNSCC
 Oral cavity11
 Oropharynx0.43 (0.05–3.86)0.4480.44 (0.044–4.43)0.486
 Hypopharynx17.31 (5.72–52.41)<0.00115.85 (4.20–59.81)<0.001
 Larynx2.63 (0.82–8.36)0.1022.42 (0.62–9.51)0.205
Histological differentiation of HNSCC
 Well differentiated11
 Moderately differentiated2.64 (1.14–6.21)0.0272.31 (0.87–6.12)0.092
 Poorly differentiated1.84 (0.57–5.93)0.3093.85 (0.97–15.33)0.056
Stage of HNSCC (AJCC 7th)
 Stage 0 or I1-
 Stage II1.32 (0.33–5.28)0.692--
 Stage III1.17 (0.36–3.79)0.790--
 Stage IV1.62 (0.68–3.88)0.281--

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; AJCC, American Joint Committee on Cancer.


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Gut and Liver

Vol.19 No.1
January, 2025

pISSN 1976-2283
eISSN 2005-1212

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