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Gut and Liver is an international journal of gastroenterology, focusing on the gastrointestinal tract, liver, biliary tree, pancreas, motility, and neurogastroenterology. Gut atnd Liver delivers up-to-date, authoritative papers on both clinical and research-based topics in gastroenterology. The Journal publishes original articles, case reports, brief communications, letters to the editor and invited review articles in the field of gastroenterology. The Journal is operated by internationally renowned editorial boards and designed to provide a global opportunity to promote academic developments in the field of gastroenterology and hepatology. +MORE
Yong Chan Lee |
Professor of Medicine Director, Gastrointestinal Research Laboratory Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Univ. California San Francisco San Francisco, USA |
Jong Pil Im | Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea |
Robert S. Bresalier | University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA |
Steven H. Itzkowitz | Mount Sinai Medical Center, NY, USA |
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You Sun Kim1 , Min Jeong Na1
, Byong Duk Ye2
, Jae Hee Cheon3
, Jong Pil Im4
, Joo Sung Kim4
, The CONNECT Study Group
Correspondence to: Byong Duk Ye
ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-6325
E-mail bdye@amc.seoul.kr
You Sun Kim
ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5156-3458
E-mail yousunk69@korea.com
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Gut Liver 2022;16(6):995-1000. https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl220350
Published online November 15, 2022, Published date November 15, 2022
Copyright © Gut and Liver.
The clinical course and prognosis of patients with elderly-onset Crohn’s disease (CD) remain unclear. This study aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics and outcomes of elderly-onset CD patients from the prospective CONNECT study cohort, a nationwide, multicenter cohort study of patients with CD in Korea. Among a total of 1,175 patients in the prospective CONNECT study cohort, 94 patients (Montreal age A3) were included and divided into two groups according to their age at diagnosis: the elderly-onset group (diagnosed with CD after 60 years of age, n=26, 67.54±6.7 years) and late adult-onset group (diagnosed as CD at age 41 to 59 years, n=68, 48.06±5.1 years). The elderly-onset group was characterized by a lower Crohn’s disease activity index at diagnosis (124.89±101.9 vs 189.55±128.6, p=0.023) and higher rates of previous anti-tuberculosis treatment (34.6% vs 4.4%, p<0.001) than the late adult-onset group. Compared with the late adult-onset group, the elderly-onset group showed a significantly less use of thiopurines (p=0.003), as well as anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha agents (p=0.047). Additionally, the elderly-onset group was less likely to require bowel resection than the late adult-onset group (p=0.067), suggesting that elderly-onset CD patients in Korea appear to have more favorable clinical outcomes than late adult-onset CD patients.
Keywords: Cohort studies, Crohn disease, Elderly-onset, Prognosis
Crohn’s disease (CD) is an idiopathic, chronic, and progressive inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract that requires life-long treatment.1 Recent epidemiologic studies have shown that the incidence and prevalence of CD are increasing worldwide, including in Asia.2-6 Typically, CD develops in young adults, that is, in teenagers and adults aged 20 to 30 years; however, it is increasingly recognized that CD can be diagnosed in the older population. Elderly-onset CD or older-onset CD is defined as CD that is newly diagnosed in patients aged over 60 years.7 The incidence of elderly-onset CD varies among countries, ranging from 2.5 patients per 100,000 persons in a French population-based registry8 to 12.3 patients per 100,000 persons in Olmsted County, Minnesota.9 Elderly-onset CD patients may have disease characteristics and natural history that are distinct from those of young adults with early-onset CD and may have a less aggressive disease course.10-14 However, there are limited data comparing the disease behavior and clinical features of elderly-onset CD patients with those of late adult-onset CD patients who are diagnosed with CD at 41 to 59 years of age.
The Crohn’s Disease Clinical Network and Cohort (CONNECT) study is a nationwide, multicenter cohort study of patients with CD in Korea, which was divided into retrospective and prospective CONNECT cohorts as of 2009.15 We investigated the clinical features and prognosis of elderly-onset CD patients and compared with those of late adult-onset CD patients who were enrolled in the prospective CONNECT cohort.
The prospective CONNECT cohort study reported the clinical features and long-term prognosis of CD of 1,175 patients from January 2009 to September 2019.16 Among 1,175 CD patients, 94 patients (8.0%) were classified as Montreal classification A3, and we divided these patients into two groups: elderly-onset CD patients (diagnosed with CD after 60 years of age) and late adult-onset CD patients (diagnosed with CD at 41 to 59 years of age). We evaluated and compared the clinical features at diagnosis and clinical course, including medication and bowel resection during the follow-up period, between the two groups.
This study was approved by the institutional review boards of all the participating institutions including Asan Medical Center (IRB numbers: 2008-0609, 2012-0862), and written informed consent was obtained from each patient. The CONNECT study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01554007). Continuous variables were expressed as mean±standard deviation, and categorical variables were expressed as numbers with percentages. The differences in the characteristics between the two groups were analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher exact test for categorical variables and the t-test for continuous variables. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the cumulative probabilities of medication use and bowel resection. Statistical significance was set at a two-sided p-value of <0.05, and statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS version 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).
A total of 94 patients were included in the study: 26 patients in the elderly-onset group (age range, 62 to 85 years; 67.54±6.7) and 68 patients in the late adult-onset group (age range, 41 to 58 years; 48.06±5.1) (Table 1). The two groups showed no differences in sex, time from symptoms to diagnosis, duration of follow-up, and smoking status at diagnosis. The two groups also showed no differences in disease location, disease behavior, and frequency of perianal disease modifiers at diagnosis. However, the elderly-onset group tended to have a higher body mass index (p=0.079) and lower level of C-reactive protein (p=0.080) at diagnosis than the late adult-onset group. In addition, the Crohn’s disease activity index at diagnosis was significantly lower in elderly-onset group (124.89±101.9) than in the late adult-onset group (189.55±128.6) (p=0.023) indicating lower clinical disease activities at the time of diagnosis. Interestingly, about one-third of the patients in the elderly-onset group (nine patients, 34.6%) had been prescribed anti-tuberculosis (TB) medication before the diagnosis of CD, which was significantly higher than that in the late-adult-onset group (p<0.001).
Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of the Patients
Variable | Elderly-onset group | Late adult-onset group | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
No. of patients | 26 | 68 | |
Age at diagnosis, mean±SD, yr | 67.54±6.7 | 48.06±5.1 | <0.001 |
Male sex, No. (%) | 14 (53.8) | 45 (66.2) | 0.269 |
Follow-up duration, mean±SD, mo | 64.29±30.6 | 60.79±32.2 | 0.627 |
Symptoms to diagnosis, mean±SD, mo | 24.17±52.8 | 33.00±63.2 | 0.496 |
Body mass index, mean±SD, kg/m2 | 22.83±2.3 | 21.58±3.1 | 0.079 |
CDAI at diagnosis, mean±SD | 124.89±101.9 | 189.55±128.6 | 0.023 |
Previous anti-tuberculosis treatment, No. (%) | 9 (34.6) | 3 (4.4) | <0.001 |
Smoking status at diagnosis, No. (%) | 0.170 | ||
Never smoker | 17 (65.4) | 33 (48.5) | |
Current/ex-smoker | 9 (34.6) | 35 (51.5) | |
Disease location at diagnosis, No. (%) | 0.489 | ||
Ileum (L1) | 18 (69.2) | 38 (55.9) | |
Colon (L2) | 2 (7.7) | 5 (7.4) | |
Ileocolon (L3) | 6 (23.1) | 25 (36.8) | |
Perianal disease modifier at diagnosis, No. (%) | 3 (11.5) | 16 (23.5) | 0.195 |
Disease behavior at diagnosis, No. (%) | 0.270 | ||
Nonstricturing, nonpenetrating (B1) | 20 (76.9) | 44 (64.7) | |
Stricturing (B2) | 4 (15.4) | 9 (13.2) | |
Penetrating (B3) | 2 (7.7) | 15 (22.1) | |
Laboratory findings at diagnosis, mean±SD | |||
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.75±2.2 | 12.42±2.1 | 0.199 |
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate , mm/hr | 42.48±31.7 | 39.03±33.1 | 0.677 |
C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 2.15±3.2 | 4.72±10.2 | 0.080 |
Albumin, g/dL | 3.77±0.7 | 3.63±0.6 | 0.401 |
Ever use of medication, No. (%) | |||
Oral 5-ASA | 26 (100) | 67 (98.5) | 0.534 |
Systemic corticosteroids | 12 (46.2) | 29 (42.6) | 0.759 |
Thiopurines | 11 (42.3) | 45 (66.2) | 0.035 |
Anti-TNF agents | 2 (7.7) | 17 (25.0) | 0.085 |
CDAI, Crohn’s disease activity index; 5-ASA, 5-aminosalicylic acid; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.
After the diagnosis of CD, the patients were treated with oral 5-aminosalicylic acid, systemic corticosteroids, thiopurines, and anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid was prescribed for all patients with elderly-onset CD (100%) and was prescribed to most patients with late adult-onset CD (98.5%). In addition, the cumulative probability of systemic corticosteroid use in the elderly-onset group at 1, 3, and 5 years after diagnosis were 30.8%, 39.7%, and 46.4%, respectively, and this finding was similar in the late adult-onset group (36.8%, 41.5%, and 41.5%, respectively) (p=0.678) (Fig. 1A). However, the cumulative probabilities of using thiopurines and anti-TNF agents were significantly different between the two groups. The cumulative probabilities of thiopurine use at 1, 3, and 5 years after diagnosis in the elderly-onset group were 15.6%, 38.3%, and 45.1%, respectively, and were significantly lower than those in the late adult-onset group (57.9%, 67.1%, and 75.0%, respectively) (p=0.003) (Fig. 1B). The cumulative probabilities of using anti-TNF agents in the elderly-onset group at 1, 3, and 5 years after diagnosis were 0.0%, 4.2%, and 4.2%, respectively, which were also significantly lower than those in the late adult-onset group (12.0%, 21.3%, and 28.9%, respectively) (p=0.047) (Fig. 1C). In addition to medication use, the cumulative probability of bowel resection in the elderly-onset group tended to be lower than that in the late adult-onset group (p=0.067) (Fig. 1D).
We found that the clinical features and long-term prognosis of elderly-onset CD patients were different from those of late adult-onset CD patients, although they were all classified as Montreal age A3. Elderly-onset CD patients had milder disease activity at diagnosis, reflected by a lower Crohn’s disease activity index than late adult-onset CD patients. A higher body mass index in elderly patients with CD also reflects mild disease activity.
Regarding disease location at diagnosis, isolated terminal ileum involvement (L1) was seen in 69.2% of the patients in the elderly-onset group and 55.9% in the late adult-onset group. This is different from the findings reported from Western countries that elderly-onset CD is well-characterized by the predominance of pure colonic location (L2, 65%) at diagnosis.12 However, this finding is similar to that of a single-center cohort study which reported a terminal ileal location at diagnosis in 63.0% of elderly-onset CD patients.17 Additionally, it is similar to the retrospective CONNECT study results which revealed a higher frequency of L1 in late adult-onset group (38.3%) and elderly-onset group (36.7%).18 Phenotype differences such as disease location in elderly-onset CD patients of Western and Asian countries may explain the consequent differences in the natural history of CD in these patients.19
The most interesting finding is that one-third of elderly-onset CD patients received anti-TB medication to rule out the diagnosis of intestinal TB (ITB) before the diagnosis of CD was made. This finding is very important because TB is still prevalent in Korea, and distinguishing ITB from CD is occasionally challenging, especially in elderly patients.20-23 We believe that clinicians may consider the possibility of ITB rather than CD when they encounter elderly patients with ileocolonic ulcerative lesions. This may be a reasonable approach because the peak ages of onset of CD and ITB are different, and ITB usually occurs in the elderly population in Korea.21 In addition, a probable diagnosis of ITB can be made after achieving a therapeutic response to anti-TB medication in some cases of ITB.21,22 However, considering the toxicity of anti-TB medication and the possible delay in diagnosing CD, clinicians should be aware that CD is no longer a disease of the young, although elderly-onset CD patients (26 patients, 2.2%) constitute a very small group in the prospective CONNECT study in Korea.
In this study, elderly-onset CD patients showed better prognosis in terms of lower use of thiopurines and anti-TNF agents and lower rates of bowel resection than late adult-onset CD. The previous retrospective CONNECT study also showed that the cumulative probabilities of thiopurine and anti-TNF agent use in the late adult-onset and elderly-onset groups were significantly lower compared with those of the pediatric and early adult-onset groups (p<0.01).18 These results are concordant with the views that different therapeutic strategies are needed for the management of CD patients according to their age at diagnosis because CD is a heterogeneous disease. Regarding use of corticosteroids, the elderly-onset CD and late adult-onset CD groups showed similar cumulative use (p=0.678), and this finding seems comparable to those of several Western reports,11,12,24 that elderly inflammatory bowel disease patients are similarly or even more likely receive corticosteroids than younger patients. In addition, another Korean single center study17 also showed similar results that the cumulative probabilities of corticosteroid therapy in elderly-onset CD patients at 1, 5, and 10 years were 28.0%, 42.0%, and 42.0%, respectively. They also reported the cumulative probabilities of corticosteroid therapy showed no differences among age groups. Take into account of unfavorable side effects in elderly patients caused by use of corticosteroids, use of corticosteroids should be initiated for short-term with caution and appropriate long-term maintenance therapy should be considered.
The cumulative probability of thiopurine use showed the most remarkable difference between the groups. In the prospective CONNECT study, the overall use of thiopurines was reported as 85.8%,11 suggesting widespread administration of thiopurines to manage disease activity. However, in this study, only 11 patients (42.3%) in the elderly-onset CD group were prescribed thiopurines compared with 45 patients (66.2%) in the late adult-onset group. We believe that this result can be explained by several factors. Firstly, since the disease activity is milder in the elderly-onset group, clinicians may not consider the introduction of thiopurine for disease management. Secondly, frailty and polypharmacy are common in the elderly. In fact, thiopurine use in the elderly patients may increase the risk of unexpected drug-drug interactions and side-effects, such as lymphoma. Therefore, clinicians may refrain from prescribing thiopurines in elderly-onset CD patients to avoid the risk of side effects and inappropriate polypharmacy.
In conclusion, elderly-onset CD patients in Korea appear to have favorable clinical outcomes compared to late adult-onset CD patients in terms of low cumulative use of thiopurines and anti-TNF agents and a lower propensity for bowel resection based on the prospective CONNECT study.
This work was supported by the Research Program funded by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (2022ER050400).
Y.S.K., J.H.C., and J.P.I. are editorial board members of the journal but were not involved in the peer reviewer selection, evaluation, or decision process of this article. No other potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.
Study concept and design: Y.S.K., B.D.Y. Data acquisition: Y.S.K., M.J.N. Data analysis and interpretation: Y.S.K., M.J.N., B.D.Y., J.H.C., J.P.I., J.S.K. Drafting of the manuscript: Y.S.K., B.D.Y. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Y.S.K., B.D.Y., J.H.C., J.P.I., J.S.K. Statistical analysis: Y.S.K., M.J.N. Obtained funding: B.D.Y. Administrative, technical, or material support; Y.S.K, J.P.I., Study supervision: B.D.Y., J.H.C., J.S.K. Approval of final manuscript: all authors.
Gut and Liver 2022; 16(6): 995-1000
Published online November 15, 2022 https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl220350
Copyright © Gut and Liver.
You Sun Kim1 , Min Jeong Na1
, Byong Duk Ye2
, Jae Hee Cheon3
, Jong Pil Im4
, Joo Sung Kim4
, The CONNECT Study Group
1Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, 2Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 3Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, and 4Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Correspondence to:Byong Duk Ye
ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-6325
E-mail bdye@amc.seoul.kr
You Sun Kim
ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5156-3458
E-mail yousunk69@korea.com
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The clinical course and prognosis of patients with elderly-onset Crohn’s disease (CD) remain unclear. This study aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics and outcomes of elderly-onset CD patients from the prospective CONNECT study cohort, a nationwide, multicenter cohort study of patients with CD in Korea. Among a total of 1,175 patients in the prospective CONNECT study cohort, 94 patients (Montreal age A3) were included and divided into two groups according to their age at diagnosis: the elderly-onset group (diagnosed with CD after 60 years of age, n=26, 67.54±6.7 years) and late adult-onset group (diagnosed as CD at age 41 to 59 years, n=68, 48.06±5.1 years). The elderly-onset group was characterized by a lower Crohn’s disease activity index at diagnosis (124.89±101.9 vs 189.55±128.6, p=0.023) and higher rates of previous anti-tuberculosis treatment (34.6% vs 4.4%, p<0.001) than the late adult-onset group. Compared with the late adult-onset group, the elderly-onset group showed a significantly less use of thiopurines (p=0.003), as well as anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha agents (p=0.047). Additionally, the elderly-onset group was less likely to require bowel resection than the late adult-onset group (p=0.067), suggesting that elderly-onset CD patients in Korea appear to have more favorable clinical outcomes than late adult-onset CD patients.
Keywords: Cohort studies, Crohn disease, Elderly-onset, Prognosis
Crohn’s disease (CD) is an idiopathic, chronic, and progressive inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract that requires life-long treatment.1 Recent epidemiologic studies have shown that the incidence and prevalence of CD are increasing worldwide, including in Asia.2-6 Typically, CD develops in young adults, that is, in teenagers and adults aged 20 to 30 years; however, it is increasingly recognized that CD can be diagnosed in the older population. Elderly-onset CD or older-onset CD is defined as CD that is newly diagnosed in patients aged over 60 years.7 The incidence of elderly-onset CD varies among countries, ranging from 2.5 patients per 100,000 persons in a French population-based registry8 to 12.3 patients per 100,000 persons in Olmsted County, Minnesota.9 Elderly-onset CD patients may have disease characteristics and natural history that are distinct from those of young adults with early-onset CD and may have a less aggressive disease course.10-14 However, there are limited data comparing the disease behavior and clinical features of elderly-onset CD patients with those of late adult-onset CD patients who are diagnosed with CD at 41 to 59 years of age.
The Crohn’s Disease Clinical Network and Cohort (CONNECT) study is a nationwide, multicenter cohort study of patients with CD in Korea, which was divided into retrospective and prospective CONNECT cohorts as of 2009.15 We investigated the clinical features and prognosis of elderly-onset CD patients and compared with those of late adult-onset CD patients who were enrolled in the prospective CONNECT cohort.
The prospective CONNECT cohort study reported the clinical features and long-term prognosis of CD of 1,175 patients from January 2009 to September 2019.16 Among 1,175 CD patients, 94 patients (8.0%) were classified as Montreal classification A3, and we divided these patients into two groups: elderly-onset CD patients (diagnosed with CD after 60 years of age) and late adult-onset CD patients (diagnosed with CD at 41 to 59 years of age). We evaluated and compared the clinical features at diagnosis and clinical course, including medication and bowel resection during the follow-up period, between the two groups.
This study was approved by the institutional review boards of all the participating institutions including Asan Medical Center (IRB numbers: 2008-0609, 2012-0862), and written informed consent was obtained from each patient. The CONNECT study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01554007). Continuous variables were expressed as mean±standard deviation, and categorical variables were expressed as numbers with percentages. The differences in the characteristics between the two groups were analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher exact test for categorical variables and the t-test for continuous variables. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the cumulative probabilities of medication use and bowel resection. Statistical significance was set at a two-sided p-value of <0.05, and statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS version 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).
A total of 94 patients were included in the study: 26 patients in the elderly-onset group (age range, 62 to 85 years; 67.54±6.7) and 68 patients in the late adult-onset group (age range, 41 to 58 years; 48.06±5.1) (Table 1). The two groups showed no differences in sex, time from symptoms to diagnosis, duration of follow-up, and smoking status at diagnosis. The two groups also showed no differences in disease location, disease behavior, and frequency of perianal disease modifiers at diagnosis. However, the elderly-onset group tended to have a higher body mass index (p=0.079) and lower level of C-reactive protein (p=0.080) at diagnosis than the late adult-onset group. In addition, the Crohn’s disease activity index at diagnosis was significantly lower in elderly-onset group (124.89±101.9) than in the late adult-onset group (189.55±128.6) (p=0.023) indicating lower clinical disease activities at the time of diagnosis. Interestingly, about one-third of the patients in the elderly-onset group (nine patients, 34.6%) had been prescribed anti-tuberculosis (TB) medication before the diagnosis of CD, which was significantly higher than that in the late-adult-onset group (p<0.001).
Table 1 . Baseline Characteristics of the Patients.
Variable | Elderly-onset group | Late adult-onset group | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
No. of patients | 26 | 68 | |
Age at diagnosis, mean±SD, yr | 67.54±6.7 | 48.06±5.1 | <0.001 |
Male sex, No. (%) | 14 (53.8) | 45 (66.2) | 0.269 |
Follow-up duration, mean±SD, mo | 64.29±30.6 | 60.79±32.2 | 0.627 |
Symptoms to diagnosis, mean±SD, mo | 24.17±52.8 | 33.00±63.2 | 0.496 |
Body mass index, mean±SD, kg/m2 | 22.83±2.3 | 21.58±3.1 | 0.079 |
CDAI at diagnosis, mean±SD | 124.89±101.9 | 189.55±128.6 | 0.023 |
Previous anti-tuberculosis treatment, No. (%) | 9 (34.6) | 3 (4.4) | <0.001 |
Smoking status at diagnosis, No. (%) | 0.170 | ||
Never smoker | 17 (65.4) | 33 (48.5) | |
Current/ex-smoker | 9 (34.6) | 35 (51.5) | |
Disease location at diagnosis, No. (%) | 0.489 | ||
Ileum (L1) | 18 (69.2) | 38 (55.9) | |
Colon (L2) | 2 (7.7) | 5 (7.4) | |
Ileocolon (L3) | 6 (23.1) | 25 (36.8) | |
Perianal disease modifier at diagnosis, No. (%) | 3 (11.5) | 16 (23.5) | 0.195 |
Disease behavior at diagnosis, No. (%) | 0.270 | ||
Nonstricturing, nonpenetrating (B1) | 20 (76.9) | 44 (64.7) | |
Stricturing (B2) | 4 (15.4) | 9 (13.2) | |
Penetrating (B3) | 2 (7.7) | 15 (22.1) | |
Laboratory findings at diagnosis, mean±SD | |||
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.75±2.2 | 12.42±2.1 | 0.199 |
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate , mm/hr | 42.48±31.7 | 39.03±33.1 | 0.677 |
C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 2.15±3.2 | 4.72±10.2 | 0.080 |
Albumin, g/dL | 3.77±0.7 | 3.63±0.6 | 0.401 |
Ever use of medication, No. (%) | |||
Oral 5-ASA | 26 (100) | 67 (98.5) | 0.534 |
Systemic corticosteroids | 12 (46.2) | 29 (42.6) | 0.759 |
Thiopurines | 11 (42.3) | 45 (66.2) | 0.035 |
Anti-TNF agents | 2 (7.7) | 17 (25.0) | 0.085 |
CDAI, Crohn’s disease activity index; 5-ASA, 5-aminosalicylic acid; TNF, tumor necrosis factor..
After the diagnosis of CD, the patients were treated with oral 5-aminosalicylic acid, systemic corticosteroids, thiopurines, and anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid was prescribed for all patients with elderly-onset CD (100%) and was prescribed to most patients with late adult-onset CD (98.5%). In addition, the cumulative probability of systemic corticosteroid use in the elderly-onset group at 1, 3, and 5 years after diagnosis were 30.8%, 39.7%, and 46.4%, respectively, and this finding was similar in the late adult-onset group (36.8%, 41.5%, and 41.5%, respectively) (p=0.678) (Fig. 1A). However, the cumulative probabilities of using thiopurines and anti-TNF agents were significantly different between the two groups. The cumulative probabilities of thiopurine use at 1, 3, and 5 years after diagnosis in the elderly-onset group were 15.6%, 38.3%, and 45.1%, respectively, and were significantly lower than those in the late adult-onset group (57.9%, 67.1%, and 75.0%, respectively) (p=0.003) (Fig. 1B). The cumulative probabilities of using anti-TNF agents in the elderly-onset group at 1, 3, and 5 years after diagnosis were 0.0%, 4.2%, and 4.2%, respectively, which were also significantly lower than those in the late adult-onset group (12.0%, 21.3%, and 28.9%, respectively) (p=0.047) (Fig. 1C). In addition to medication use, the cumulative probability of bowel resection in the elderly-onset group tended to be lower than that in the late adult-onset group (p=0.067) (Fig. 1D).
We found that the clinical features and long-term prognosis of elderly-onset CD patients were different from those of late adult-onset CD patients, although they were all classified as Montreal age A3. Elderly-onset CD patients had milder disease activity at diagnosis, reflected by a lower Crohn’s disease activity index than late adult-onset CD patients. A higher body mass index in elderly patients with CD also reflects mild disease activity.
Regarding disease location at diagnosis, isolated terminal ileum involvement (L1) was seen in 69.2% of the patients in the elderly-onset group and 55.9% in the late adult-onset group. This is different from the findings reported from Western countries that elderly-onset CD is well-characterized by the predominance of pure colonic location (L2, 65%) at diagnosis.12 However, this finding is similar to that of a single-center cohort study which reported a terminal ileal location at diagnosis in 63.0% of elderly-onset CD patients.17 Additionally, it is similar to the retrospective CONNECT study results which revealed a higher frequency of L1 in late adult-onset group (38.3%) and elderly-onset group (36.7%).18 Phenotype differences such as disease location in elderly-onset CD patients of Western and Asian countries may explain the consequent differences in the natural history of CD in these patients.19
The most interesting finding is that one-third of elderly-onset CD patients received anti-TB medication to rule out the diagnosis of intestinal TB (ITB) before the diagnosis of CD was made. This finding is very important because TB is still prevalent in Korea, and distinguishing ITB from CD is occasionally challenging, especially in elderly patients.20-23 We believe that clinicians may consider the possibility of ITB rather than CD when they encounter elderly patients with ileocolonic ulcerative lesions. This may be a reasonable approach because the peak ages of onset of CD and ITB are different, and ITB usually occurs in the elderly population in Korea.21 In addition, a probable diagnosis of ITB can be made after achieving a therapeutic response to anti-TB medication in some cases of ITB.21,22 However, considering the toxicity of anti-TB medication and the possible delay in diagnosing CD, clinicians should be aware that CD is no longer a disease of the young, although elderly-onset CD patients (26 patients, 2.2%) constitute a very small group in the prospective CONNECT study in Korea.
In this study, elderly-onset CD patients showed better prognosis in terms of lower use of thiopurines and anti-TNF agents and lower rates of bowel resection than late adult-onset CD. The previous retrospective CONNECT study also showed that the cumulative probabilities of thiopurine and anti-TNF agent use in the late adult-onset and elderly-onset groups were significantly lower compared with those of the pediatric and early adult-onset groups (p<0.01).18 These results are concordant with the views that different therapeutic strategies are needed for the management of CD patients according to their age at diagnosis because CD is a heterogeneous disease. Regarding use of corticosteroids, the elderly-onset CD and late adult-onset CD groups showed similar cumulative use (p=0.678), and this finding seems comparable to those of several Western reports,11,12,24 that elderly inflammatory bowel disease patients are similarly or even more likely receive corticosteroids than younger patients. In addition, another Korean single center study17 also showed similar results that the cumulative probabilities of corticosteroid therapy in elderly-onset CD patients at 1, 5, and 10 years were 28.0%, 42.0%, and 42.0%, respectively. They also reported the cumulative probabilities of corticosteroid therapy showed no differences among age groups. Take into account of unfavorable side effects in elderly patients caused by use of corticosteroids, use of corticosteroids should be initiated for short-term with caution and appropriate long-term maintenance therapy should be considered.
The cumulative probability of thiopurine use showed the most remarkable difference between the groups. In the prospective CONNECT study, the overall use of thiopurines was reported as 85.8%,11 suggesting widespread administration of thiopurines to manage disease activity. However, in this study, only 11 patients (42.3%) in the elderly-onset CD group were prescribed thiopurines compared with 45 patients (66.2%) in the late adult-onset group. We believe that this result can be explained by several factors. Firstly, since the disease activity is milder in the elderly-onset group, clinicians may not consider the introduction of thiopurine for disease management. Secondly, frailty and polypharmacy are common in the elderly. In fact, thiopurine use in the elderly patients may increase the risk of unexpected drug-drug interactions and side-effects, such as lymphoma. Therefore, clinicians may refrain from prescribing thiopurines in elderly-onset CD patients to avoid the risk of side effects and inappropriate polypharmacy.
In conclusion, elderly-onset CD patients in Korea appear to have favorable clinical outcomes compared to late adult-onset CD patients in terms of low cumulative use of thiopurines and anti-TNF agents and a lower propensity for bowel resection based on the prospective CONNECT study.
This work was supported by the Research Program funded by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (2022ER050400).
Y.S.K., J.H.C., and J.P.I. are editorial board members of the journal but were not involved in the peer reviewer selection, evaluation, or decision process of this article. No other potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.
Study concept and design: Y.S.K., B.D.Y. Data acquisition: Y.S.K., M.J.N. Data analysis and interpretation: Y.S.K., M.J.N., B.D.Y., J.H.C., J.P.I., J.S.K. Drafting of the manuscript: Y.S.K., B.D.Y. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Y.S.K., B.D.Y., J.H.C., J.P.I., J.S.K. Statistical analysis: Y.S.K., M.J.N. Obtained funding: B.D.Y. Administrative, technical, or material support; Y.S.K, J.P.I., Study supervision: B.D.Y., J.H.C., J.S.K. Approval of final manuscript: all authors.
Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of the Patients
Variable | Elderly-onset group | Late adult-onset group | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
No. of patients | 26 | 68 | |
Age at diagnosis, mean±SD, yr | 67.54±6.7 | 48.06±5.1 | <0.001 |
Male sex, No. (%) | 14 (53.8) | 45 (66.2) | 0.269 |
Follow-up duration, mean±SD, mo | 64.29±30.6 | 60.79±32.2 | 0.627 |
Symptoms to diagnosis, mean±SD, mo | 24.17±52.8 | 33.00±63.2 | 0.496 |
Body mass index, mean±SD, kg/m2 | 22.83±2.3 | 21.58±3.1 | 0.079 |
CDAI at diagnosis, mean±SD | 124.89±101.9 | 189.55±128.6 | 0.023 |
Previous anti-tuberculosis treatment, No. (%) | 9 (34.6) | 3 (4.4) | <0.001 |
Smoking status at diagnosis, No. (%) | 0.170 | ||
Never smoker | 17 (65.4) | 33 (48.5) | |
Current/ex-smoker | 9 (34.6) | 35 (51.5) | |
Disease location at diagnosis, No. (%) | 0.489 | ||
Ileum (L1) | 18 (69.2) | 38 (55.9) | |
Colon (L2) | 2 (7.7) | 5 (7.4) | |
Ileocolon (L3) | 6 (23.1) | 25 (36.8) | |
Perianal disease modifier at diagnosis, No. (%) | 3 (11.5) | 16 (23.5) | 0.195 |
Disease behavior at diagnosis, No. (%) | 0.270 | ||
Nonstricturing, nonpenetrating (B1) | 20 (76.9) | 44 (64.7) | |
Stricturing (B2) | 4 (15.4) | 9 (13.2) | |
Penetrating (B3) | 2 (7.7) | 15 (22.1) | |
Laboratory findings at diagnosis, mean±SD | |||
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.75±2.2 | 12.42±2.1 | 0.199 |
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate , mm/hr | 42.48±31.7 | 39.03±33.1 | 0.677 |
C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 2.15±3.2 | 4.72±10.2 | 0.080 |
Albumin, g/dL | 3.77±0.7 | 3.63±0.6 | 0.401 |
Ever use of medication, No. (%) | |||
Oral 5-ASA | 26 (100) | 67 (98.5) | 0.534 |
Systemic corticosteroids | 12 (46.2) | 29 (42.6) | 0.759 |
Thiopurines | 11 (42.3) | 45 (66.2) | 0.035 |
Anti-TNF agents | 2 (7.7) | 17 (25.0) | 0.085 |
CDAI, Crohn’s disease activity index; 5-ASA, 5-aminosalicylic acid; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.