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Gut and Liver is an international journal of gastroenterology, focusing on the gastrointestinal tract, liver, biliary tree, pancreas, motility, and neurogastroenterology. Gut atnd Liver delivers up-to-date, authoritative papers on both clinical and research-based topics in gastroenterology. The Journal publishes original articles, case reports, brief communications, letters to the editor and invited review articles in the field of gastroenterology. The Journal is operated by internationally renowned editorial boards and designed to provide a global opportunity to promote academic developments in the field of gastroenterology and hepatology. +MORE
Yong Chan Lee |
Professor of Medicine Director, Gastrointestinal Research Laboratory Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Univ. California San Francisco San Francisco, USA |
Jong Pil Im | Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea |
Robert S. Bresalier | University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA |
Steven H. Itzkowitz | Mount Sinai Medical Center, NY, USA |
All papers submitted to Gut and Liver are reviewed by the editorial team before being sent out for an external peer review to rule out papers that have low priority, insufficient originality, scientific flaws, or the absence of a message of importance to the readers of the Journal. A decision about these papers will usually be made within two or three weeks.
The remaining articles are usually sent to two reviewers. It would be very helpful if you could suggest a selection of reviewers and include their contact details. We may not always use the reviewers you recommend, but suggesting reviewers will make our reviewer database much richer; in the end, everyone will benefit. We reserve the right to return manuscripts in which no reviewers are suggested.
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Eun Soo Kim1, Ki Tae Kwon1, Sung Kook Kim1, Miyoung Kim2, Hyun Seok Lee1, Byung Ik Jang3, Kyeong Ok Kim3, Eun Young Kim4, Yoo Jin Lee5, Suk Jin Hong6, Chang Heon Yang7, Ben Kang8, Byung-Ho Choe8, Crohn’s and Colitis Association in Daegu-Gyeongbuk
Correspondence to: Byung-Ho Choe
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Korea
Tel: +82-53-200-5704, Fax: +82-53-425-6683, E-mail: bhchoe@knu.ac.kr
Eun Soo Kim and Ki Tae Kwon contributed equally to this work as first authors.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Gut Liver 2019;13(1):48-53. https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl18139
Published online November 12, 2018, Published date January 31, 2019
Copyright © Gut and Liver.
School nurses’ knowledge of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has not been evaluated. We aimed to investigate school nurses’ knowledge of IBD and determine whether education could improve this knowledge. School nurses were invited to complete self-reported questionnaires on IBD. Then, IBD specialists from tertiary referral hospitals provided a 60-minute lecture with educational brochures on two occasions, with a 3-month interval. Within 6 months after the educational interventions, school nurses were asked to complete the same IBD questionnaire via e-mail. Among 101 school nurses who were invited to participate, 54 nurses (53.5%) who completed two consecutive questionnaires were included in this study (median age, 45 years; range, 25 to 59 years; 100% female); 11.1% and 7.4% of the study participants had no knowledge regarding ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, respectively. They had heard of IBD most frequently from doctors (33.3%), followed by internet sources (25.9%). After 6 months, the number of nurses who could explain IBD to students with over 30% confidence increased from 24 (44.5%) to 42 (77.8%) (p<0.001). Most nurses (81.5%) reported that the educational intervention was helpful for managing students with abdominal pain or diarrhea. The number of students who received IBD-related welfare services from the Daegu Metropolitan Office of Education doubled when compared with the corresponding number during the prior educational year. There is room for improvement in school nurses’ knowledge of IBD. A systematic educational program on IBD should be implemented for these nurses.Background/Aims
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Keywords: Inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn disease, Colitis, ulcerative, Schools, nursing
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract that often requires life-long management. IBD has a relapsing disease course that negatively impacts patients’ quality of life.1,2 Although no keys to the pathogenesis of this disease have been clearly identified, environmental and genetic factors are known to be involved in the development of IBD.3
In approximately one-quarter of IBD cases, the disease develops during childhood or adolescence.4 IBD occurrence at this young age has several clinical implications that merit consideration. First, for IBD, onset at a young age is a factor associated with poor prognosis. For CD, young age at diagnosis is associated with a high risk of upper gastrointestinal involvement, extensive disease and a disabling course.5–7 For UC, patients diagnosed at a young age are more likely to have extensive disease, undergo colectomy, and exhibit proximal disease extension and/or colorectal neoplasia.8–10 Second, when children do not receive optimal treatment, IBD may cause irreversible linear growth impairment, one of the critical complications of this disease.11 Third, for CD, younger age at diagnosis is an independent risk factor for long diagnostic delay, which has a detrimental impact on clinical outcomes, leading to issues such as a high risk of intestinal surgery and poor quality of life.12,13 Therefore, timely, appropriate management enabled by the early detection of IBD is of utmost importance for young patients with IBD.
Children spend a large proportion of their time at school. According to an Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) indicator, for elementary- and middle-school-aged students from OECD countries, the average compulsory instruction times at school are 794 and 905 hours per year, respectively.14 These statistics only reflect part of the total time that students are at school because compulsory hours only account for time in formal classroom settings. Therefore, children and adolescents with IBD may experience symptoms while they are at school.
In this context, school nurses who take care of students’ health at school may play a crucial role in identifying and managing students with IBD. However, school nurses’ knowledge of IBD has never previously been evaluated. Thus, we aimed to assess school nurses’ degree of awareness regarding IBD and to determine whether education improved this awareness.
This investigation was a prospective follow-up study based on a survey that assessed school nurses’ knowledge of IBD. School nurses who were registered at the Daegu Metropolitan Office of Education were invited to come to a meeting and asked to complete a questionnaire on IBD. The main questions used in the study were as follows: (1) Have you heard of CD or UC? (2) What is your source of information regarding these conditions? (3) How would you rate your confidence regarding knowledge of IBD in terms of explaining IBD to students? (4) How would you rate your confidence regarding knowledge of IBD in terms of identifying symptoms suspicious for IBD? (5) Do you know of the welfare service system of the Daegu Metropolitan Office of Education for students with IBD?
Since January 2009, the Daegu Metropolitan Office of Education has provided students with IBD with financial support to cover their medical expenses. Candidates for this support have been selected by a school nurse and a homeroom teacher from each school after a review of medical documentation.
After the aforementioned survey was administered, 60-minute educational lectures with brochures regarding the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, signs, diagnosis, and treatment of IBD were delivered in February 2015 by gastroenterologists from tertiary referral hospitals on two occasions, with a 3-month interval between these occasions. The follow-up survey sent via e-mail was collected within 6 months after the final educational lecture.
Categorical variables were expressed using numbers and percentages, whereas continuous variables were described using median values and ranges. Variables were compared before and after education using paired t-tests. For a question with a dichotomized answer (yes or no), responses before and after education were compared using the McNemar test. All tests were two-sided, and p<0.05 was regarded as indicative of statistical significance. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA)
Among 101 school nurses invited to participate in the study, 54 respondents (53.5%) who completed both surveys were eventually included (100% female; median age, 45 years; range, 25–59 years). Their median working experience was 13 years (range, 1–37 years). The median number of students that school nurses were caring for was 688 (range, 100–1,400 students). Twenty-two (40.7%), 18 (33.3%) and 14 (25.9%) of the nurses were working at elementary, middle and high schools, respectively. In the nurses’ experiences, more students complained of abdominal pain than diarrhea. More than half of the participants (29/54, 53.7%) responded that they encountered more than 20 students with abdominal pain per week, whereas only one nurse reported that she encountered more than 20 students with diarrhea per week. Baseline characteristics of the participants are described in Table 1.
Six (11.1%) and four (7.4%) of the school nurses had never heard of UC and CD, respectively (Fig. 1A). For the study participants, information regarding these conditions was most frequently obtained from doctors (46.3% for UC, 33.3% for CD), followed by internet searches (27.8% for UC, 25.9% for CD) (Fig. 1B).
With respect to confidence regarding knowledge of IBD, the percentage of school nurses who could explain IBD to their students with over 30% confidence was 44.5% (24/54). However, this figure significantly increased to 77.8% (42/54) within 6 months after the educational intervention (p<0.001) (Fig. 2A). In addition, the percentage of school nurses who replied that they could differentiate students with symptoms suspicious for IBD from those with functional symptoms with over 30% confidence significantly increased from 11.1% (6/54) to 27.9% (15/54) after the educational intervention (p<0.001) (Fig. 2B).
The percentage of school nurses who were aware of the welfare system for students with IBD provided by the Daegu Metropolitan Office of Education also significantly increased from 50% (27/54) to 68.5% (37/54) after the educational intervention (McNemar test p=0.038) (Fig. 3A). In addition, the actual number of students with IBD who received this welfare service more than doubled for the year after the educational intervention (arrow, Fig. 3B) compared with the corresponding number for the previous year, increasing from 24 to 56. Notably, the first student with IBD from middle school who benefited from this service was enrolled immediately after the educational intervention (Fig. 3B). Most of the participants (81%) replied that the educational efforts were helpful for managing students with abdominal pain or diarrhea (Fig. 4).
This follow-up survey-based study showed that one out of ten school nurses did not have any knowledge regarding IBD and that school nurses’ overall knowledge did not sufficiently translate to the ability to identify IBD students at schools, suggesting suboptimal awareness of IBD in the school nurse population. After medical personnel such as doctors, the internet was school nurses’ main source of information regarding IBD. However, educational efforts, in the form of a 60-minute lecture and brochures that were delivered on two occasions with a 3-month interval between occasions, significantly improved school nurses’ knowledge of IBD.
The incidence of pediatric IBD has been rapidly increasing in Asian countries, such as South Korea, China and Japan, causing significant social and economic burdens.15–17 A recent population-based study of IBD showed that CD incidence was highest (9.1 per 105) in the age group 15 to 19 years that are middle or high school age.18 Further, incidence of pediatric IBD in Daegu area increased from 9 per 105 in 2011 to 30 per 105 in 2016.19 Although the prevalence of IBD remains lower in Asia than in Western countries, it is time to brace for a dramatic surge in Asian patients with IBD.
Given that children and adolescents spend a large portion of time at school, school nurses, who stand on the front lines of medicine at schools, may play an essential role in managing students’ various medical conditions. Several studies have evaluated the efficacy of an educational intervention on emergency, disaster or biological event preparedness for school nurses and shown that education significantly improved school nurse pre-paredness with respect to knowledge and skills.20,21 However, no prior studies have determined school nurses’ awareness of IBD and assessed the impact of education on this awareness.
Chronic abdominal pain is a major symptom of IBD.22 Although most recurrent abdominal pain results from functional disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome, with organic causes (including IBD) only observed in 5% to 10% of cases, differentiating among these causes based on symptoms is known to be extremely challenging.23 Recurrent abdominal pain is one of the most common childhood complaints in general practice, with a prevalence ranging from 10% to 45% among school-going children.24 In the present study, over half of school nurses (53.7%) reported that they encountered more than 20 students with abdominal pain per week (Table 1). Therefore, it is integral to have school nurses remain prepared to appropriately manage students with abdominal pain.
The present study showed that among school nurses, the internet was the second most common source of information regarding IBD, after doctors (Fig. 1B). However, the quality of websites with information on IBD greatly varies, suggesting that online material might not be an adequate source of information on IBD.25,26 Thus, formal education regarding IBD needs to be provided to school nurses.
It might be a challenge to have a chance to give an educational lecture for a large number of school nurses. There were several steps for us to complete this educational work. Firstly, we contacted the head of school nurses association in Daegu Metropolitan Office of Education and discussed IBD educational program for school nurses. Then, we had a permission to have an educational lecture in the general meeting of school nurses association which was held 1 to 2 times a year. The content of educational lecture was described in
We found that a 1-hour education session provided twice within a 3-month interval significantly improved school nurses’ knowledge of IBD and that the efficacy of the educational intervention persisted for at least 6 months. Although we could not obtain information regarding how many students with IBD were newly identified by school nurses before and after the educational intervention, data that might truly indicate the efficacy of this intervention, we were able to assess the increase in the number of students who received financial support via the welfare services provided by the Daegu Metropolitan Office of Education. Surprisingly, the total number of students more than doubled after the educational intervention, and middle school students with IBD first started to benefit from these services after the intervention. Of course, this study did not address all the pediatric IBD cases in the examined region. However, we assumed that the study data indirectly reflected both the engagement of school nurses regarding the welfare service system in Daegu and the effects of the educational intervention. Taken together, these results show that education is effective for enhancing school nurses’ knowledge and preparedness regarding IBD at school.
The small number of participants (54 from 101 school nurses, 53.5%) was the main limitation of the study. Also, the result might not be representative because this study was conducted in Daegu area. Therefore, nationwide study with a large number of school nurses is warranted.
In conclusion, there is room for improvement in school nurses’ knowledge of IBD. School nurses play a significant role as important liaisons that can collaborate with physicians, faculty and parents regarding student health problems. Therefore, a systematic educational program on IBD should be implemented for these nurses.
This work was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2015R1D1A1A02062168) and a grant of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant number: HI15C0542).
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Baseline Characteristics of School Nurses (n=54)
Characteristic | Value |
---|---|
Female sex | 54 (100) |
Age, yr | 44.4±8.7 |
Working experience, yr | 13 (1–37) |
No. of students | 688 (100–1,400) |
School | |
Elementary school | 22 (40.7) |
Middle school | 18 (33.3) |
High school | 14 (25.9) |
No. of students with abdominal pain a week | |
0 | 0 |
1–20 | 25 (46.3) |
21–40 | 23 (42.6) |
≥41 | 6 (11.1) |
No. of students with diarrhea a week | |
0 | 5 (9.3) |
1–20 | 47 (87) |
21–40 | 1 (1.9) |
≥41 | 1 (1.9) |
Data are presented as number (%), mean±SD, or median (range).
Gut and Liver 2019; 13(1): 48-53
Published online January 31, 2019 https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl18139
Copyright © Gut and Liver.
Eun Soo Kim1, Ki Tae Kwon1, Sung Kook Kim1, Miyoung Kim2, Hyun Seok Lee1, Byung Ik Jang3, Kyeong Ok Kim3, Eun Young Kim4, Yoo Jin Lee5, Suk Jin Hong6, Chang Heon Yang7, Ben Kang8, Byung-Ho Choe8, Crohn’s and Colitis Association in Daegu-Gyeongbuk
1Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea, 2Keimyung University College of Nursing, Daegu, Korea, 3Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea, 4Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea, 5Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea, 6Department of Pediatrics, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea, 7Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University School of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea, 8Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
Correspondence to:Byung-Ho Choe
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Korea
Tel: +82-53-200-5704, Fax: +82-53-425-6683, E-mail: bhchoe@knu.ac.kr
Eun Soo Kim and Ki Tae Kwon contributed equally to this work as first authors.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
School nurses’ knowledge of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has not been evaluated. We aimed to investigate school nurses’ knowledge of IBD and determine whether education could improve this knowledge. School nurses were invited to complete self-reported questionnaires on IBD. Then, IBD specialists from tertiary referral hospitals provided a 60-minute lecture with educational brochures on two occasions, with a 3-month interval. Within 6 months after the educational interventions, school nurses were asked to complete the same IBD questionnaire via e-mail. Among 101 school nurses who were invited to participate, 54 nurses (53.5%) who completed two consecutive questionnaires were included in this study (median age, 45 years; range, 25 to 59 years; 100% female); 11.1% and 7.4% of the study participants had no knowledge regarding ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, respectively. They had heard of IBD most frequently from doctors (33.3%), followed by internet sources (25.9%). After 6 months, the number of nurses who could explain IBD to students with over 30% confidence increased from 24 (44.5%) to 42 (77.8%) (p<0.001). Most nurses (81.5%) reported that the educational intervention was helpful for managing students with abdominal pain or diarrhea. The number of students who received IBD-related welfare services from the Daegu Metropolitan Office of Education doubled when compared with the corresponding number during the prior educational year. There is room for improvement in school nurses’ knowledge of IBD. A systematic educational program on IBD should be implemented for these nurses.Background/Aims
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Keywords: Inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn disease, Colitis, ulcerative, Schools, nursing
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract that often requires life-long management. IBD has a relapsing disease course that negatively impacts patients’ quality of life.1,2 Although no keys to the pathogenesis of this disease have been clearly identified, environmental and genetic factors are known to be involved in the development of IBD.3
In approximately one-quarter of IBD cases, the disease develops during childhood or adolescence.4 IBD occurrence at this young age has several clinical implications that merit consideration. First, for IBD, onset at a young age is a factor associated with poor prognosis. For CD, young age at diagnosis is associated with a high risk of upper gastrointestinal involvement, extensive disease and a disabling course.5–7 For UC, patients diagnosed at a young age are more likely to have extensive disease, undergo colectomy, and exhibit proximal disease extension and/or colorectal neoplasia.8–10 Second, when children do not receive optimal treatment, IBD may cause irreversible linear growth impairment, one of the critical complications of this disease.11 Third, for CD, younger age at diagnosis is an independent risk factor for long diagnostic delay, which has a detrimental impact on clinical outcomes, leading to issues such as a high risk of intestinal surgery and poor quality of life.12,13 Therefore, timely, appropriate management enabled by the early detection of IBD is of utmost importance for young patients with IBD.
Children spend a large proportion of their time at school. According to an Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) indicator, for elementary- and middle-school-aged students from OECD countries, the average compulsory instruction times at school are 794 and 905 hours per year, respectively.14 These statistics only reflect part of the total time that students are at school because compulsory hours only account for time in formal classroom settings. Therefore, children and adolescents with IBD may experience symptoms while they are at school.
In this context, school nurses who take care of students’ health at school may play a crucial role in identifying and managing students with IBD. However, school nurses’ knowledge of IBD has never previously been evaluated. Thus, we aimed to assess school nurses’ degree of awareness regarding IBD and to determine whether education improved this awareness.
This investigation was a prospective follow-up study based on a survey that assessed school nurses’ knowledge of IBD. School nurses who were registered at the Daegu Metropolitan Office of Education were invited to come to a meeting and asked to complete a questionnaire on IBD. The main questions used in the study were as follows: (1) Have you heard of CD or UC? (2) What is your source of information regarding these conditions? (3) How would you rate your confidence regarding knowledge of IBD in terms of explaining IBD to students? (4) How would you rate your confidence regarding knowledge of IBD in terms of identifying symptoms suspicious for IBD? (5) Do you know of the welfare service system of the Daegu Metropolitan Office of Education for students with IBD?
Since January 2009, the Daegu Metropolitan Office of Education has provided students with IBD with financial support to cover their medical expenses. Candidates for this support have been selected by a school nurse and a homeroom teacher from each school after a review of medical documentation.
After the aforementioned survey was administered, 60-minute educational lectures with brochures regarding the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, signs, diagnosis, and treatment of IBD were delivered in February 2015 by gastroenterologists from tertiary referral hospitals on two occasions, with a 3-month interval between these occasions. The follow-up survey sent via e-mail was collected within 6 months after the final educational lecture.
Categorical variables were expressed using numbers and percentages, whereas continuous variables were described using median values and ranges. Variables were compared before and after education using paired t-tests. For a question with a dichotomized answer (yes or no), responses before and after education were compared using the McNemar test. All tests were two-sided, and p<0.05 was regarded as indicative of statistical significance. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA)
Among 101 school nurses invited to participate in the study, 54 respondents (53.5%) who completed both surveys were eventually included (100% female; median age, 45 years; range, 25–59 years). Their median working experience was 13 years (range, 1–37 years). The median number of students that school nurses were caring for was 688 (range, 100–1,400 students). Twenty-two (40.7%), 18 (33.3%) and 14 (25.9%) of the nurses were working at elementary, middle and high schools, respectively. In the nurses’ experiences, more students complained of abdominal pain than diarrhea. More than half of the participants (29/54, 53.7%) responded that they encountered more than 20 students with abdominal pain per week, whereas only one nurse reported that she encountered more than 20 students with diarrhea per week. Baseline characteristics of the participants are described in Table 1.
Six (11.1%) and four (7.4%) of the school nurses had never heard of UC and CD, respectively (Fig. 1A). For the study participants, information regarding these conditions was most frequently obtained from doctors (46.3% for UC, 33.3% for CD), followed by internet searches (27.8% for UC, 25.9% for CD) (Fig. 1B).
With respect to confidence regarding knowledge of IBD, the percentage of school nurses who could explain IBD to their students with over 30% confidence was 44.5% (24/54). However, this figure significantly increased to 77.8% (42/54) within 6 months after the educational intervention (p<0.001) (Fig. 2A). In addition, the percentage of school nurses who replied that they could differentiate students with symptoms suspicious for IBD from those with functional symptoms with over 30% confidence significantly increased from 11.1% (6/54) to 27.9% (15/54) after the educational intervention (p<0.001) (Fig. 2B).
The percentage of school nurses who were aware of the welfare system for students with IBD provided by the Daegu Metropolitan Office of Education also significantly increased from 50% (27/54) to 68.5% (37/54) after the educational intervention (McNemar test p=0.038) (Fig. 3A). In addition, the actual number of students with IBD who received this welfare service more than doubled for the year after the educational intervention (arrow, Fig. 3B) compared with the corresponding number for the previous year, increasing from 24 to 56. Notably, the first student with IBD from middle school who benefited from this service was enrolled immediately after the educational intervention (Fig. 3B). Most of the participants (81%) replied that the educational efforts were helpful for managing students with abdominal pain or diarrhea (Fig. 4).
This follow-up survey-based study showed that one out of ten school nurses did not have any knowledge regarding IBD and that school nurses’ overall knowledge did not sufficiently translate to the ability to identify IBD students at schools, suggesting suboptimal awareness of IBD in the school nurse population. After medical personnel such as doctors, the internet was school nurses’ main source of information regarding IBD. However, educational efforts, in the form of a 60-minute lecture and brochures that were delivered on two occasions with a 3-month interval between occasions, significantly improved school nurses’ knowledge of IBD.
The incidence of pediatric IBD has been rapidly increasing in Asian countries, such as South Korea, China and Japan, causing significant social and economic burdens.15–17 A recent population-based study of IBD showed that CD incidence was highest (9.1 per 105) in the age group 15 to 19 years that are middle or high school age.18 Further, incidence of pediatric IBD in Daegu area increased from 9 per 105 in 2011 to 30 per 105 in 2016.19 Although the prevalence of IBD remains lower in Asia than in Western countries, it is time to brace for a dramatic surge in Asian patients with IBD.
Given that children and adolescents spend a large portion of time at school, school nurses, who stand on the front lines of medicine at schools, may play an essential role in managing students’ various medical conditions. Several studies have evaluated the efficacy of an educational intervention on emergency, disaster or biological event preparedness for school nurses and shown that education significantly improved school nurse pre-paredness with respect to knowledge and skills.20,21 However, no prior studies have determined school nurses’ awareness of IBD and assessed the impact of education on this awareness.
Chronic abdominal pain is a major symptom of IBD.22 Although most recurrent abdominal pain results from functional disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome, with organic causes (including IBD) only observed in 5% to 10% of cases, differentiating among these causes based on symptoms is known to be extremely challenging.23 Recurrent abdominal pain is one of the most common childhood complaints in general practice, with a prevalence ranging from 10% to 45% among school-going children.24 In the present study, over half of school nurses (53.7%) reported that they encountered more than 20 students with abdominal pain per week (Table 1). Therefore, it is integral to have school nurses remain prepared to appropriately manage students with abdominal pain.
The present study showed that among school nurses, the internet was the second most common source of information regarding IBD, after doctors (Fig. 1B). However, the quality of websites with information on IBD greatly varies, suggesting that online material might not be an adequate source of information on IBD.25,26 Thus, formal education regarding IBD needs to be provided to school nurses.
It might be a challenge to have a chance to give an educational lecture for a large number of school nurses. There were several steps for us to complete this educational work. Firstly, we contacted the head of school nurses association in Daegu Metropolitan Office of Education and discussed IBD educational program for school nurses. Then, we had a permission to have an educational lecture in the general meeting of school nurses association which was held 1 to 2 times a year. The content of educational lecture was described in
We found that a 1-hour education session provided twice within a 3-month interval significantly improved school nurses’ knowledge of IBD and that the efficacy of the educational intervention persisted for at least 6 months. Although we could not obtain information regarding how many students with IBD were newly identified by school nurses before and after the educational intervention, data that might truly indicate the efficacy of this intervention, we were able to assess the increase in the number of students who received financial support via the welfare services provided by the Daegu Metropolitan Office of Education. Surprisingly, the total number of students more than doubled after the educational intervention, and middle school students with IBD first started to benefit from these services after the intervention. Of course, this study did not address all the pediatric IBD cases in the examined region. However, we assumed that the study data indirectly reflected both the engagement of school nurses regarding the welfare service system in Daegu and the effects of the educational intervention. Taken together, these results show that education is effective for enhancing school nurses’ knowledge and preparedness regarding IBD at school.
The small number of participants (54 from 101 school nurses, 53.5%) was the main limitation of the study. Also, the result might not be representative because this study was conducted in Daegu area. Therefore, nationwide study with a large number of school nurses is warranted.
In conclusion, there is room for improvement in school nurses’ knowledge of IBD. School nurses play a significant role as important liaisons that can collaborate with physicians, faculty and parents regarding student health problems. Therefore, a systematic educational program on IBD should be implemented for these nurses.
This work was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2015R1D1A1A02062168) and a grant of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant number: HI15C0542).
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of School Nurses (n=54)
Characteristic | Value |
---|---|
Female sex | 54 (100) |
Age, yr | 44.4±8.7 |
Working experience, yr | 13 (1–37) |
No. of students | 688 (100–1,400) |
School | |
Elementary school | 22 (40.7) |
Middle school | 18 (33.3) |
High school | 14 (25.9) |
No. of students with abdominal pain a week | |
0 | 0 |
1–20 | 25 (46.3) |
21–40 | 23 (42.6) |
≥41 | 6 (11.1) |
No. of students with diarrhea a week | |
0 | 5 (9.3) |
1–20 | 47 (87) |
21–40 | 1 (1.9) |
≥41 | 1 (1.9) |
Data are presented as number (%), mean±SD, or median (range).