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Gut and Liver is an international journal of gastroenterology, focusing on the gastrointestinal tract, liver, biliary tree, pancreas, motility, and neurogastroenterology. Gut atnd Liver delivers up-to-date, authoritative papers on both clinical and research-based topics in gastroenterology. The Journal publishes original articles, case reports, brief communications, letters to the editor and invited review articles in the field of gastroenterology. The Journal is operated by internationally renowned editorial boards and designed to provide a global opportunity to promote academic developments in the field of gastroenterology and hepatology. +MORE
| Yong Chan Lee |
Professor of Medicine Director, Gastrointestinal Research Laboratory Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Univ. California San Francisco San Francisco, USA |
| Jong Pil Im | Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea |
| Robert S. Bresalier | University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA |
| Steven H. Itzkowitz | Mount Sinai Medical Center, NY, USA |
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Du Hyun Song1 
, Nayoung Kim1,2 , Hyeong Ho Jo1,3 , Sangbin Kim1 , Yonghoon Choi1 , Hyeon Jeong Oh4 , Hye Seung Lee5 , Hyuk Yoon1 , Cheol Min Shin1 , Young Soo Park1 , Dong Ho Lee1,2 , So Hyun Kang6 , Young Suk Park6 , Sang-Hoon Ahn6 , Yun-Suhk Suh6 , Do Joong Park6,7 , Hyung Ho Kim6,7 , Ji-Won Kim1 , Jin Won Kim1 , Keun-Wook Lee1,2 , Won Chang8 , Ji Hoon Park8 , Yoon Jin Lee8 , Kyoung Ho Lee8,9 , Young Hoon Kim8,9 , Soyeon Ahn10 , Young-Joon Surh11,12
Correspondence to: Nayoung Kim
ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9397-0406
E-mail nakim49@snu.ac.kr
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Gut Liver 2024;18(2):231-244. https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl220491
Published online March 29, 2023, Published date March 15, 2024
Copyright © Gut and Liver.
Background/Aims: Synchronous multiple gastric cancer (SMGC) accounts for approximately 6% to 14% of gastric cancer (GC) cases. This study aimed to identify risk factors for SMGC.
Methods: A total of 14,603 patients diagnosed with GC were prospectively enrolled. Data including age, sex, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, family history, p53 expression, microsatellite instability, cancer classification, lymph node metastasis, and treatment were collected. Risk factors were analyzed using logistic regression analysis between a single GC and SMGC.
Results: The incidence of SMGC was 4.04%, and that of early GC (EGC) and advanced GC (AGC) was 5.43% and 3.11%, respectively. Patients with SMGC were older (65.33 years vs 61.75 years, p<0.001) and more likely to be male. Lymph node metastasis was found in 27% of patients with SMGC and 32% of patients with single GC. Multivariate analysis showed that SMGC was associated with sex (male odds ratio [OR], 1.669; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.223 to 2.278; p=0.001), age (≥65 years OR, 1.532; 95% CI, 1.169 to 2.008; p=0.002), and EGC (OR, 1.929; 95% CI, 1.432 to 2.600; p<0.001). Survival rates were affected by Lauren classification, sex, tumor size, cancer type, distant metastasis, and venous invasion but were not related to the number of GCs. However, the survival rate of AGC with SMGC was very high.
Conclusions: SMGC had unique characteristics such as male sex, older age, and EGC, and the survival rate of AGC, in which the intestinal type was much more frequent, was very good (Trial registration number: NCT04973631).
Keywords: Stomach neoplasms, Multiple primary, Risk factors, Sex
Although the mortality rate is decreasing, the incidence of gastric cancer (GC) is very high in Korea.1 Therefore, the government recommends performing esophagogastroduodenoscopy every 2 years as a screening test for adults over 40 years of age. Due to the national screening system and improvement in diagnostic ability in esophagogastroduodenoscopy, it has become possible to diagnose cancer at an early stage, which has increased rapidly from 54.0% in 2003 to 2007, 63.5% in 2008 to 2012, and 81.0% in 2013 to 2018 in one Korean report.2 The intestinal type is known to have a better prognosis than the diffuse type GC when classified according to the Lauren classification.3
Synchronous multiple GC (SMGC) is a disease in which two or more cancer lesions exist simultaneously and each lesion must exist as a separate lesion regardless of metastasis. Previous studies have shown that the proportion of SMGCs in patients with GC accounts for approximately 6% to 14% of GC cases.4,5 SMGC is also known to be associated with advanced age, well-differentiated lesion, early stage, microsatellite instability (MSI), and p53 mutations.6-8 The occurrence of SMGC might be associated with the tumor microenvironment (TME), which consists of cancer cells and various other components, including infiltrating immune cells, blood vessels, signaling molecules, and extracellular matrix proteins.9 TME is related to chronic inflammation and Helicobacter pylori infection of the gastric epithelium is a major risk factor for GC.10 H. pylori-associated gastritis could promote TME including destruction of tight junction protein.10 This is supported by the beneficial effects of H. pylori eradication in reducing the risk of primary GC incidence11,12 and prevention effect of metachronous GC with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.32 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15 to 0.66; p=0.002).13 Therefore, we hypothesized that the risk factors and survival rates of SMGC are different from those of single GC. This study aimed to identify the characteristics of single and multiple GC and to determine the risk factors for SMGC and survival rate for GC and SMGC according to the Lauren classification.
A total of 14,598 patients diagnosed with GC between May 2003 and February 2020 at the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital were analyzed. Data were prospectively collected from surgical cohort and medical GC cohort of the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital from 2003. Clinical data warehouses and electronic medical records (EMRs) were also reviewed. Age, sex, primary cancer number, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol consumption, family history, p53, MSI, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cancer classification, distant metastasis, lymph node metastasis, lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, treatment, histology and tumor diameter were acquired from medical and surgical cohort and EMRs. Age, height, weight and BMI were confirmed at the time of GC diagnosis, and the location, size, number and histology of GC were confirmed by the pathological results after surgery or endoscopy. Alcohol consumption, smoking, and family history of GC were assessed using questionnaire from the medical or surgical GC cohort and by EMR. Among patients with SMGC, those with residual cancer after endoscopic treatment and underwent surgery were excluded. Regular follow-up endoscopy was performed after endoscopic treatment and surgery. Most patients were generally referred to local hospitals after more than 5 years of follow-up. The dates and causes of death of the enrolled patients were cross-reviewed with data from EMR and the National Statistical Office for verification. Random information that guaranteed patient anonymity was compiled and submitted by a third party to the National Statistical Office, and received data related to patient death. This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (IRB number: B-2006-618-004). This study was performed following the protocols approved by the ethics committee. According to IRB guidelines for unnamed surveys, written informed consent among patients were not required.
SMGC has been identified by diagnostic endoscopy and pathology of surgery and endoscopic treatment. Regular follow-up endoscopy was performed to check whether GC was developed or recurred at least 1 year after the endoscopic treatment and surgery to distinguish it from missing GC and recurrence. The age was divided into two groups based on the age of 65 as defined by the Welfare of Senior Citizens Act of Korea. The location was classified into three groups: upper, middle, and lower according to surgical pathological report format. BMI was divided into underweight (<18.5 kg/m2), normal (18.5 to <25 kg/m2), overweight (25 to <30 kg/m2) and obese (≥30 kg/m2) according to World Health Organization criteria. Histological classification was based on Lauren classification and histology was confirmed after surgery and endoscopic treatment. Single GC was classified as intestinal type, diffuse type, and others. The others included both indeterminate and mixed types. SMGC was classified into all intestinal types, all diffuse types, and others according to Lauren classification of each cancer. The others were mixtures of intestinal and diffuse types. SMGC was classified into major and minor lesions according to tumor size. A major lesion was the lesion with the longest diameter or the deepest depth among the lesions that presents simultaneously. Otherwise, it was defined as a minor lesion. Early GC (EGC) and advanced GC (AGC) were classified according to pathological findings after endoscopic treatment and surgery well as imaging tests such as computed tomography excluding the metastasis, and EGC was defined as cancer invasion into the submucosal layer. However, if surgery could not be performed or surgery was refused, especially in old age or in the presence of other serious diseases, classification was based on computed tomography findings as well as endoscopy. Actually, these cases were very few not affecting the results. The gross types of EGC and AGC were evaluated based on the pathological and endoscopic findings. EGC was classified into three types (I: polypoid type, II: superficial type, and III: excavated type) according to the Paris classification and AGC was classified according to the Borrmann classification.14 Tumor size was based on the pathological findings. Lymphovascular invasion was diagnosed after confirming tumor emboli by staining the lymphatic vessels with D2-40 staining. EBV positive was diagnosed when tumor cells were stained blue by EBV RNA in situ hybridization. When staining of tumor cell nuclei regarding p53 immunohistochemistry was more than 10%, it was determined as p53 positivity.
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Baseline characteristics and variables were analyzed using univariate analysis by the chi-square test and logistics regression. Risk factors were evaluated using odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI in multivariate analysis using logistics regression. Survival rates according to Lauren classification were compared using the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and each p-value was confirmed through the log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards regression. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to adjust for various variables related to survival, and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the HRs. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
A total of 14,603 patients were included, with 14,013 patients with a single GC (95.96%) and 590 patients (4.04%) with SMGC. In average, patients with single GC were followed for 3.55 years and patients with SMGC were followed for 3.69 years in our study. For those patients with endoscopic treatment, single GC were followed for 4.16 years, and SMGC were followed for 5.02 years. For those patients with the surgery, single GC were followed for 4.17 years, and SMGC for 3.81 years. Among the 14,603 patients, 7,749 had EGC (53%) and 4,968 had AGC (34%), except for 1,872 (13%) without pathological data (Fig. 1).
Figure 1.Cancer classification and distribution of single GC and SMGC.Table 1 shows the baseline characteristics of the patients. Patients with SMGC were older than those with single GC (65.33 years vs 61.75 years, p<0.001). The number of elderly patients (≥65 years) was 6,287 (44.9%) in the single GC group and 335 (56.8%) in the SMGC group; 9,267 (66.1%) patients in the single GC group and 451 (76.4%) patients in the SMGC group were males. A total of 518 (87.8%) patients with two cancer lesions were the most common in the SMGC group.
Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Patients with Single GC and with SMGC
| Characteristic | Single GC (n=14,013) | SMGC (n=590) | In EGC (n=7,749) | In AGC (n=4,968) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Major (n=590)/minor lesion (n=680)* | Single GC (n=7,328) | SMGC (n=421) | Single GC (n=4,813) | SMGC (n=155) | |||||
| Age, mean±SD, yr | 61.75±12.84 | 65.33±11.21 | 61.30±11.92 | 64.85±11.18 | 62.05±13.51 | 65.05±11.56 | |||
| ≤64 yr | 7,726 (55.1) | 255 (43.2) | 4,199 (57.3) | 175 (41.6) | 2,551 (53.0) | 76 (49.0) | |||
| ≥65 yr | 6,287 (44.9) | 335 (56.8) | 3,129 (42.7) | 246 (58.4) | 2,262 (47.0) | 79 (51.0) | |||
| Sex | Female | 4,746 (33.9) | 139 (23.6) | 2,430 (33.2) | 110 (26.1) | 1,646 (34.2) | 26 (16.8) | ||
| Male | 9,267 (66.1) | 451 (76.4) | 4,898 (66.8) | 311 (73.9) | 3,167 (65.8) | 129 (83.2) | |||
| BMI, mean±SD, kg/m2 | 23.38±3.43 | 23.30±3.18 | 24.08±3.20 | 24.20±3.12 | 22.84±3.46 | 23.30±3.18 | |||
| Treatment | Operative | 8,639 (61.6) | 485 (82.2) | ||||||
| Endoscopic | 2,197 (15.7) | 74 (12.5) | |||||||
| Chemotherapy | 1,435 (10.2) | 12 (2.0) | |||||||
| Conservative | 1,742 (12.4) | 19 (3.2) | |||||||
| No. of lesions | 2 | 518 (87.8) | |||||||
| 3 | 63 (10.7) | ||||||||
| 4 | 5 (0.8) | ||||||||
| 5 | 1 (0.2) | ||||||||
| 6 | 2 (0.3) | ||||||||
| 8 | 1 (0.2) | ||||||||
| Tumor size, mean (range), cm | 3.60 (0.1–21.0) | 3.09 (0.2–14.5)/1.58 (0–9.5) | 2.36 (0.1–14.0) | 2.45 (0.2–9.2) | 6.05 (0.3–21.0) | 4.88 (0.9–14.5) | |||
| Gross classification | I | 268 (4.0) | 16 (3.8) | 122 (3.5) | 8 (5.5) | ||||
| II | 6,304 (94.5) | 398 (95.2) | 489 (14.2) | 30 (20.5) | |||||
| III | 102 (1.5) | 4 (1.0) | 2,388 (69.2) | 103 (70.6) | |||||
| IV | 450 (13.0) | 5 (3.4) | |||||||
| V | 3 (0.1) | ||||||||
| No data | 654 | 3 | 1,361 | 9 | |||||
| Tumor location | Upper | 2,525 (19.2) | 102 (17.3)/87 (12.8) | ||||||
| Middle | 3,473 (26.4) | 120 (20.3)/157 (23.1) | |||||||
| Lower | 7,175 (54.5) | 367 (62.2)/436 (64.1) | |||||||
| Entire | 1 (0.2)/0 (0) | ||||||||
| No data | 840 | ||||||||
| Lauren type | Intestinal | 7,428 (59.9) | 365 (64.8) | 4,947 (69.0) | 292 (70.0) | 1,907 (45.1) | 73 (50.0) | ||
| Diffuse | 4,605 (37.1) | 77 (13.7) | 2,056 (28.7) | 58 (13.9) | 2,112 (50.0) | 19 (13.0) | |||
| Others | 375 (3.0) | 121 (21.5) | 168 (2.3) | 67 (16.1) | 207 (4.9) | 54 (37.0) | |||
| No data | 1,605 | 27 | 157 | 4 | 587 | 9 | |||
| Cancer classification | EGC | 7,328 (60.4) | 421 (73.1) | ||||||
| AGC | 4,813 (39.6) | 155 (26.9) | |||||||
| No data | 1,872 | 14 | |||||||
| Lymph node metastasis | No | 7,964 (68.0) | 425 (73.0) | 6,590 (90.2) | 373 (88.8) | 1,374 (31.2) | 52 (33.5) | ||
| Yes | 3,743 (32.0) | 157 (27.0) | 716 (9.8) | 47 (11.2) | 3,027 (68.8) | 103 (66.5) | |||
| No data | 2,306 | 8 | 22 | 1 | 412 | ||||
| Distant metastasis | No | 11,052 (85.4) | 562 (97.4) | 7,291 (99.7) | 419 (99.8) | 3,761 (78.4) | 142 (92.8) | ||
| Yes | 1,893 (14.6) | 15 (3.0) | 21 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | 1,037 (21.6) | 11 (7.2) | |||
| No data | 1,068 | 13 | 16 | 1 | 15 | 2 | |||
| Lymphatic invasion | No | 7,068 (68.7) | 393 (69.8) | 6,006 (88.9) | 349 (83.7) | 1,048 (30.0) | 44 (30.1) | ||
| Yes | 3,219 (31.3) | 170 (30.2) | 752 (11.1) | 68 (16.3) | 2,447 (70.0) | 102 (69.9) | |||
| No data | 3,726 | 27 | 570 | 4 | 1,318 | 9 | |||
| Venous invasion | No | 9,274 (90.5) | 519 (92.2) | 6,675 (99.2) | 412 (98.8) | 2,574 (73.7) | 107 (73.3) | ||
| Yes | 971 (9.5) | 44 (7.8) | 51 (0.8) | 5 (1.2) | 918 (26.3) | 39 (26.7) | |||
| No data | 3,768 | 27 | 602 | 4 | 1,321 | 9 | |||
| p53 | No | 5,521 (65.1) | 296 (64.9) | 3,691 (66.4) | 222 (66.1) | 1,799 (62.7) | 74 (61.7) | ||
| Yes | 2,964 (34.9) | 160 (35.1) | 1,869 (33.6) | 114 (33.9) | 1,071 (37.3) | 46 (38.3) | |||
| No data | 5,528 | 134 | 1,768 | 85 | 1,943 | 35 | |||
| MSI | MSS/MSI-L | 6,996 (90.5) | 382 (85.1) | 3,839 (91.5) | 260 (83.9) | 3,021 (89.1) | 122 (87.8) | ||
| MSI-H | 731 (9.5) | 67 (14.9) | 356 (8.5) | 50 (16.1) | 371 (10.9) | 17 (12.2) | |||
| No data | 6,286 | 141 | 3,133 | 111 | 1,421 | 16 | |||
| EBV | Negative | 3,907 (92.6) | 243 (87.7) | 2,271 (92.5) | 182 (88.8) | 1,527 (92.7) | 61 (84.7) | ||
| Positive | 311 (7.4) | 34 (12.3) | 183 (7.5) | 23 (11.2) | 121 (7.3) | 11 (15.3) | |||
| No data | 9,795 | 313 | 4,874 | 216 | 3,165 | 83 | |||
| Family history | No | 3,514 (84.0) | 179 (85.2) | 2,043 (82.6) | 127 (86.4) | 1,360 (86.8) | 51 (82.3) | ||
| Yes | 668 (16.0) | 31 (14.8) | 429 (17.4) | 20 (13.6) | 207 (13.2) | 11 (17.7) | |||
| No data | 9,831 | 380 | 4,856 | 274 | 3,246 | 93 | |||
| Smoker | Never | 6,465 (53.8) | 251 (44.7) | 3,437 (52.6) | 185 (46.6) | 2,343 (53.6) | 62 (40.5) | ||
| Current & past | 5,557 (46.2) | 310 (55.3) | 3,095 (47.4) | 212 (53.4) | 2,031 (46.4) | 91 (59.5) | |||
| No data | 1,991 | 29 | 796 | 24 | 439 | 2 | |||
| Drinker | Never | 3,876 (54.2) | 153 (49.4) | 1,971 (50.3) | 109 (49.8) | 1,483 (57.2) | 39 (45.9) | ||
| Current & past | 3,277 (45.8) | 157 (50.6) | 1,948 (49.7) | 110 (50.2) | 1,111 (42.8) | 46 (54.1) | |||
| No data | 6,860 | 280 | 3,409 | 202 | 2,219 | 70 | |||
Data are presented as number (%) unless indicated otherwise.
GC, gastric cancer; SMGC, synchronous multiple GC, EGC, early GC; AGC, advanced GC; BMI, body mass index; MSI, microsatellite instability; MSI-L, MSI low; MSI-H, MSI high; MSS, microsatellite stability; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus.
*Major lesion denotes a lesion with the longest diameter among lesions present at the same time.
According to the Lauren classification, the intestinal type was 7,428 (59.9%) and the diffuse type was 4,605 (37.1%) in a single GC. The other consisted of mixed type and the indeterminate type was 375 (3.0%) in a single GC. In the SMGC group, all lesions were intestinal type in 365 (64.8%) patients and diffuse type in 77 (13.7%) patients.
In the EGC, there were 7,328 (60.4%) patients in single GC group and 421 (73.1%) patients in the SMGC group. Distant metastases were observed in 1,893 (14.6%) patients with a single GC and 15 (3%) patients with SMGC. Surgery was the most common treatment modality for patients with GC (61.6%) and SMGC (82.2%). In EGC group, during the follow-up period, the endoscopic treatment rate increased from 10% in 2003 to 30% recently, and the surgical treatment rate decreased from 80% to 60%. Overexpression of p53 was observed in 2,964 (34.9%) patients with a single GC and 160 (35.1%) patients with SMGC. EBV positivity was observed in 34 (12.3%) and MSI high in 67 (14.9%) of patients with SMGC.
Among patients with SMGC, the total number of lesions was 1,270, of which 590 were major, and 680 were minor. The average size of the major lesion was 3.09 cm and that of the minor lesion was 1.58 cm in SMGC. The average size of a single GC was 3.6 cm. The lower third of the tumor location was most common in both major and minor lesions of SMGC. In single GC, intestinal type, lower third, and EGC were the most common.
Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the logistic regression, and the results are summarized in Table 2. In the univariate analysis, age, sex, BMI, tumor size, cancer classification, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, MSI, EBV, and smoking were associated with SMGC. Sex, age group, and cancer classification were risk factors according to multivariate analysis. Male patients with SMGC were more common than those with a single GC (OR, 1.669; 95% CI, 1.223 to 2.278; p=0.001). The incidence of SMGC was higher in the elderly (≥65 years) (OR, 1.532; 95% CI, 1.169 to 2.008; p=0.002) and in the EGC (OR, 1.929; 95% CI, 1.432 to 2.600; p<0.001). However, BMI, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, distant metastases, MSI, EBV, and smoking were not significantly associated in the multivariate analysis.
Table 2. Univariate and Multivariate Analysis for Patients by Logistic Regression
| Factor | Multivariate analysis for single GC and SMGC | Multivariate analysis for single GC and SMGC in EGC | Multivariate analysis for single GC and SMGC in AGC | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate p-value | Multivariate analysis | Univariate p-value | Multivariate analysis | Univariate p-value | Multivariate analysis | ||||||
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | ||||||
| Age | |||||||||||
| ≤64 yr | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| ≥65 yr | <0.001 | 1.532 (1.169–2.008) | 0.002 | <0.001 | 2.038 (1.599–2.599) | <0.001 | 0.361 | ||||
| Sex | |||||||||||
| Female | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Male | <0.001 | 1.669 (1.223–2.278) | 0.001 | 0.003 | 1.533 (1.169–2.011) | 0.002 | <0.001 | 4.711 (1.764–12.582) | 0.02 | ||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | |||||||||||
| <18.5 (underweight) | Reference | ||||||||||
| 18.5 to <25 (normal) | 0.002 | 1.144 (0.521–2.511) | 0.737 | ||||||||
| 25 to <30 (overweight) | <0.001 | 1.155 (0.518–2.578) | 0.725 | ||||||||
| ≥30 (obesity) | 0.004 | 0.629 (0.193–2.045) | 0.441 | ||||||||
| Tumor size* | |||||||||||
| ≤3 cm/≤2.2 cm/≤5 cm | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| >3 cm/>2.2 cm/>5 cm | 0.002 | 0.780 (0.563–1.080) | 0.134 | <0.001 | 0.350 (0.270–0.454) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.355 (0.179–0.705) | 0.003 | ||
| Cancer classification | |||||||||||
| AGC | Reference | ||||||||||
| EGC | <0.001 | 1.929 (1.432–2.600) | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Gross classification | |||||||||||
| I | |||||||||||
| II | 0.831 | 0.871 | |||||||||
| III | 0.462 | 0.269 | |||||||||
| IV | 0.002 | ||||||||||
| Lymph node metastasis | |||||||||||
| No | |||||||||||
| Yes | 0.012 | 1.099 (0.776–1.556) | 0.596 | 0.353 | 0.539 | ||||||
| Distant metastasis | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | ||||||||||
| Yes | <0.001 | 0.431 (0.058–3.181) | 0.409 | 0.854 | <0.001 | 0 | 0.998 | ||||
| Lymphatic invasion | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | ||||||||||
| Yes | 0.585 | 0.001 | 1.600 (1.169–2.190) | 0.003 | 0.993 | ||||||
| Venous invasion | |||||||||||
| No | |||||||||||
| Yes | 0.189 | 0.326 | 0.909 | ||||||||
| p53 | |||||||||||
| No | |||||||||||
| Yes | 0.946 | 0.906 | 0.822 | ||||||||
| MSI | |||||||||||
| MSS/MSI-L | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| MSI-H | <0.001 | 1.369 (0.899–2.084) | 0.143 | <0.001 | 1.520 (1.067–2.166) | 0.02 | 0.633 | ||||
| EBV | |||||||||||
| Negative | Reference | ||||||||||
| Positive | 0.003 | 1.477 (0.944–2.311) | 0.088 | 0.055 | 0.016 | 2.783 (1.136–6.821) | 0.025 | ||||
| Family history | |||||||||||
| No | |||||||||||
| Yes | 0.64 | 0.243 | 0.306 | ||||||||
| Smoker | |||||||||||
| Never | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Current & past | <0.001 | 0.971 (0.694–1.359) | 0.864 | 0.02 | 1.200 (0.899–1.602) | 0.215 | 0.002 | 0.468 (0.231–0.949) | 0.035 | ||
| Drinker | |||||||||||
| Never | Reference | ||||||||||
| Current & past | 0.095 | 0.881 | 0.04 | 1.402 (0.702–2.799) | 0.338 | ||||||
GC, gastric cancer; SMGC, synchronous multiple GC; EGC, early GC; AGC, advanced GC; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; MSI, microsatellite instability; MSI-L, MSI low; MSI-H, MSI high; MSS, microsatellite stability; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus.
*Single GC and SMGC/single GC and SMGC in EGC/single GC and SMGC in AGC.
The total number of patients with EGC was 7,749, of which 7,328 had a single GC and 421 had SMGC. In the univariate analysis, sex, age, tumor size, lymphatic invasion, MSI, and smoking were associated with SMGC. According to multivariate analysis, in patients with SMGC compared to patients with single GC, the patients were predominantly male (OR, 1.533; 95% CI, 1.169 to 2.011; p=0.002) and the elderly (≥65 years) was more common (OR, 2.038; 95% CI, 1.599 to 2.599; p<0.001). The incidence of SMGC was lower in tumor size (>2.2 cm) (OR, 0.350; 95% CI, 0.270 to 0.454; p<0.001), and lymphatic invasion was more common (OR, 1.600; 95% CI, 1.169 to 2.190; p=0.003). MSI high patients were more common (OR, 1.520; 95% CI, 1.067 to 2.166; p=0.02).
There were 4,968 patients with AGC (single GC, 4,813; SMGC, 155). Univariate analysis showed that sex, tumor size, distant metastasis, EBV, and smoking were associated with SMGC. According to multivariate analysis, there were significant associations with male sex (OR, 4.711; 95% CI, 1.764 to 12.582; p=0.02), tumor size (>5 cm) (OR, 0.355; 95% CI, 0.179 to 0.705; p=0.003), EBV infection (OR, 2.783; 95% CI, 1.136 to 6.821; p=0.025) and smoking (OR, 0.468; 95% CI, 0.231 to 0.949; p=0.035). There was no significant association between age, Borrmann classification, lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, p53, MSI, distant and lymph node metastasis, family history, and alcohol consumption.
According to the Lauren classification, single GCs were divided into intestinal and diffuse types, and SMGCs were classified as all intestinal, all diffuse, and immixture. An immixture is a combination of intestinal and diffuse types. As a result of plotting a Kaplan-Meier graph according to Lauren classification in GC, the survival rate of all intestinal types was higher than that of all diffuse types (Fig. 2).
Figure 2.Survival rate of gastric cancer (GC) and synchronous multiple GC (SMGC). (A) Survival rate of single GC and SMGC. (B) Survival rate of GC according to Lauren classification. (C) Survival rate of SMGC according to Lauren classification.
Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was performed and the results are summarized in Table 3. Age, tumor size, number of primary cancers, cancer type, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, p53, MSI, family history, smoking, and alcohol assumption were risk factors in the univariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. After adjusting for variables identified by univariate analysis using Cox regression analysis, the risk of all diffuse types was higher than that of all intestinal types (adjusted HR, 1.460; p=0.002). Moreover, when even one intestinal type was included, there were no differences compared to the survival rate of all intestinal types (p=0.412).
Table 3. Cox Proportional Hazard Regression for Lauren Classification
| Factor | In GC patients | In EGC patients | In AGC patients | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate p-value | Multivariate | Univariate p-value | Multivariate | Univariate p-value | Multivariate | ||||||
| aHR (95% CI) | p-value | aHR (95% CI) | p-value | aHR (95% CI) | p-value | ||||||
| Lauren type | |||||||||||
| Intestinal | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Diffuse | <0.001 | 1.460 (1.143–1.865) | 0.002 | 0.570 | 1.762 (1.018–3.049) | 0.043 | <0.001 | 1.388 (1.063–1.813) | 0.016 | ||
| Immixture | 0.286 | 0.619 (0.196–1.949) | 0.412 | 0.419 | 1.597 (0.385–6.631) | 0.519 | 0.036 | 0.442 (0.088–2.234) | 0.323 | ||
| Sex | |||||||||||
| Female | |||||||||||
| Male | 0.32 | 0.121 | 0.03 | 0.786 (0.570–1.084) | 0.143 | ||||||
| Age | <0.001 | 1.028 (1.018–1.038) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.114 (1.084–1.144) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Tumor size | <0.001 | 1.115 (1.079–1.153) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.948 (0.824–1.090) | 0.454 | <0.001 | 1.110 (1.073–1.148) | <0.001 | ||
| No. of primary cancer | |||||||||||
| ≥2 | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| 1 | <0.001 | 0.904 (0.443–1.844) | 0.781 | 0.691 | 0.001 | 0.917 (0.403-2.086) | 0.837 | ||||
| Cancer type | |||||||||||
| EGC | Reference | ||||||||||
| AGC | <0.001 | 4.069 (2.664–6.215) | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Lymph node metastasis | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Yes | <0.001 | 3.407 (2.412–4.813) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 3.364 (2.030–5.574) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 3.455 (2.283–5.230) | <0.001 | ||
| Distant metastasis | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| Yes | <0.001 | 2.584 (1.893–3.529) | <0.001 | 0.087 | <0.001 | 2.578 (1.885–3.525) | <0.001 | ||||
| Lymphatic invasion | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Yes | <0.001 | 1.016 (0.753–1.370) | 0.919 | <0.001 | 1.579 (0.840 -2.967) | 0.156 | <0.001 | 1.018 (0.747–1.387) | 0.910 | ||
| Venous invasion | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| Yes | <0.001 | 2.229 (1.743–2.850) | <0.001 | 0.708 | <0.001 | 2.233 (1.743–2.862) | <0.001 | ||||
| EBV | |||||||||||
| Negative | |||||||||||
| Positive | 0.872 | 0.479 | 0.721 | ||||||||
| p53 | |||||||||||
| Negative | Reference | ||||||||||
| Over expression | 0.003 | 1.065 (0.849–1.336) | 0.585 | 0.076 | 0.289 | ||||||
| MSI | |||||||||||
| MSI-H | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| MSS/MSI-L | 0.001 | 0.734 (0.478–1.128) | 0.158 | 0.020 | 1.047 (0.533–2.057) | 0.895 | <0.001 | 0.720 (0.461–1.123) | 0.148 | ||
| Family history | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| Yes | 0.001 | 0.774 (0.549–1.092) | 0.145 | 0.979 | 0.018 | 0.773 (0.537–1.113) | 0.166 | ||||
| Smoking | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| Yes | <0.001 | 0.951 (0.738–1.225) | 0.968 | 0.088 | <0.001 | 0.974 (0.723–1.311) | 0.860 | ||||
| Alcohol | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| Yes | <0.001 | 0.951 (0.738–1.225) | 0.696 | 0.857 | <0.001 | 0.921 (0.707–1.200) | 0.543 | ||||
GC, gastric cancer; EGC, early GC; AGC, advanced GC; aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; MSI, microsatellite instability; MSI-L, MSI low; MSI-H, MSI high; MSS, microsatellite stability.
Fig. 3 shows the result of plotting the Kaplan-Meier graph according to the number of cancers and Lauren classification in EGC. There were no differences in survival rates between the single GC and SMGC groups. There was no difference in survival rate according to the Lauren classification. Multivariate analysis was performed using Cox regression to specifically identify factors that affect the survival rate according to the Lauren classification. The same variables as those of patients with GC were used for the Cox regression analysis. Age, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, lymphatic invasion, and MSI were risk factors in the univariate analysis. After correcting for the variables identified by univariate analysis using Cox regression analysis, as in patients with GC, the risk of all diffuse types was higher than that of all intestinal types (adjusted HR, 1.762; p=0.043). Moreover, when even one intestinal type was included, there were no differences compared to the survival rate of all intestinal types (p=0.519) (Table 3). In the Cox regression, the univariate variable did not show a significant p-value of 0.05 or more as shown in the Kaplan-Meier graph, but a difference occurred when other variables were adjusted.
Figure 3.Survival rate of early gastric cancer (GC) and advanced GC. (A) Survival rate of single GC and synchronous multiple GC (SMGC) in early GC. (B) Survival rate of GC according to Lauren classification in early GC. (C) Survival rate of single GC and SMGC in advanced GC. (D) Survival rate of GC according to Lauren classification in advanced GC.
Fig. 3 is the result of plotting the Kaplan-Meier graph according to number of cancer and Lauren classification in AGC. There were differences in survival rates between single GC and SMGC, and survival rates according to the Lauren classification. As a result of correcting for variables identified through univariate analysis using Cox regression analysis, as in patients with GC, the risk of all diffuse types was higher than that of all intestinal types (adjusted HR, 1.388; p=0.016). And when even one intestinal type was included, there was no difference compared with survival rate of all intestinal types (p=0.323) (Table 3).
Our study showed that 4.04% of the patients had SMGC (EGC, 5.43% and AGC, 3.11%), and the patients with SMGC were older and more likely to be male. Multivariate analysis showed that SMGC was associated with sex (male OR, 1.669), age (≥65 years OR, 1.532), and EGC (OR, 1.929). Survival rates were affected by Lauren classification, sex, tumor size, cancer type, distant metastasis, and venous invasion but were not related to the number of GCs. However, the survival rate of AGC with SMGC was high.
Previous studies have shown that the proportion of SMGC in patients with GC accounts for approximately 6% to 14% of GC cases,4,5,7,15 and in the present study, the incidence of SMGC was about 4.04%. The reason for the difference in the SMGC ratio was that most of the existing studies focused on EGC in which the rate of SMGC was higher than that of AGC, and were included only those that were curative status, or only cases that treated by endoscopic treatment or surgery. However, in our study, all data were included regardless of the treatment method and GC progression.16-18 In the present study, when the rate of SMGC of EGC was calculated, the incidence rate of SMGC was 5.43%, similar to that of the previous study.6,7,17
Risk factors for SMGC are known to be associated with the elderly, males, early T stage, differentiated type tumor, p53 mutations, and MSI.6-8,17,19,20 Our multivariate analysis also showed that older age (≥65 years), males, and EGC were associated with SMGC, similar to previous studies. These associations appear to be related to TME, which causes the intestinal type GC at multifocal sites where atrophy and intestinal metaplasia occur.21
In general, tumor multiplicity is related to genetic factors.19 However, the p53 mutation was not relevant and the MSI lost its significance in multivariate analysis. This difference might be due to the higher incidence of GC in Korea than in the West,22 meaning that environmental factors were also related. Furthermore, the incidence of MSI in GC varies between East and West.23 Therefore it might have influenced the association with the incidence of multiple GCs in our study with Koreans.
EBV infection-associated GC (EBVaGC) is more common in young people and males and is located in the upper part of the stomach. According to Lauren classification, diffuse GC was more common in EBVaGC.24,25 Although EBVaGC rarely has lymphatic metastasis, it is often diagnosed at an advanced stage.26 In this study, when multivariate analysis was performed by dividing only AGC cases, EBV infection was associated with the risk of SMGC, which is believed to be attributable to the characteristics of EBVaGC.
The gross classification of EGC and AGC was not associated with the risk of multiple GC. In the overall data, tumor size was not associated with the risk of SMGC, but tumor size was associated when EGC and AGC were classified separately. Family history, smoking, and alcohol consumption were factors that increased the risk of GC, but the association with multiple GC was not found. These results were similar to those of previous studies. There were some missing data in the case of not responding to drinking and smoking through the survey in our study, but drinking and smoking did not significantly affect the results. Furthermore, the gross classification of EGC and AGC was not associated with the risk of multiple GC.
In the case of endoscopic treatment, the location of the GC is not important, but in the case of surgery, it becomes an important factor in determining the treatment method (e.g., proximal gastrectomy, distal gastrectomy, total gastrectomy, pylorus-preserving gastrectomy). GC has been known to occur most frequently in the lower third,27 and when there were multiple lesions, the minor lesions tended to be located adjacent to the major lesions.6,18 In our study, the major and minor lesions were in the same third in 60% of the cases and in 90% of the cases, the minor lesions were in the third adjacent to the major lesion. Therefore, when GC is detected, it is important to check the adjacent site during esophagogastroduodenoscopy because it is usually located in the adjacent area of multiple GC, which could prevent further treatment. However, it could occur with a low probability, even in a remote location; therefore, caution is required.
A previous study reported that the survival rates of single GC and SMGC were similar.21 However, there was a difference in survival rates in this study. To determine the cause of the difference in survival rate, the survival rate was confirmed by dividing EGC and AGC and a survival rate graph was drawn according to the Lauren classification (immixture is a case in which intestinal and diffuse types are mixed in SMGC) This difference was believed to be the result of the integration of the results of the cancer classification (EGC and AGC) and Lauren classification. When survival rates were analyzed in the EGC and AGC groups, there were no differences between single GC and SMGC in EGC (p=0.691); however, a significant difference remained in AGC (p=0.001) (Fig. 3). Considering the factors affecting the survival rate according to the Lauren classification, the number of GC was not related to the survival rate, and the distribution of GC according to the Lauren classification was important. In multiple GCs, all diffuse types were at the highest risk, and there were no differences in survival rate compared with all intestinal types if there was at least one intestinal type. A comprehensive analysis of SMGC, including the tissue type of GC in each AGC/EGC regarding survival rate, has not been reported in a large cohort.
Our study had several limitations. First, although our study had a larger sample size than other studies, it was conducted at a single institution. Second, our study was a prospective observational cohort study, which prospectively collected data from the surgical cohort and the medical cohort, but all data were not filled up consistently. Therefore, there was a limitation that p53, EBV, atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, H. pylori and its eradication treatment which are related with GC,28 were not performed consistently.29,30 Although the data are not clean in comparison to complete prospective design, we tried to minimize selection bias during the very long period. In addition, 13% of cases lacked pathological dates mainly because surgery could not be performed or surgery was refused, especially in the old age or in the presence of other serious diseases. Despite these limitations, our study had three strengths. First, the sample size was relatively large. Second, all GCs, including AGC and EGC, were analyzed. Third, in a previous study, only the prognoses of a single GC and multiple GCs were compared. In contrast, our study provided new information by comparing the prognosis according to histology using the Lauren classification.
In conclusion, SMGC had unique characteristics such as male sex, older age, and EGC, and the survival rate was very good in cases of AGC in which the intestinal type was much more frequent.
This work was supported by grant no 13-2019-001 from the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (SNUBH) Research fund. The authors thank the Division of Statistics in Medical Research Collaborating Center at SNUBH for statistical analysis.
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Study concept and design: N.K. Data acquisition: H.H.J., S.K., Y.C., Y.J.S., H.J.O., H.S.L., H.Y., C.M.S., Y.S.P., D.H.L., S.H.K., Y.S.P., S.H.A., Y.S.S., D.J.P., H.H.K., W.C., J.H.P., Y.J.L., K.H.L., Y.H.K., Ji-Won Kim, Jin Won Kim, K.W.L. Data analysis and interpretation: D.H.S. Drafting of the manuscript: D.H.S. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: D.H.S., N.K. Statistical analysis: D.H.S., S.A. Approval of final manuscript: all authors.
Gut and Liver 2024; 18(2): 231-244
Published online March 15, 2024 https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl220491
Copyright © Gut and Liver.
Du Hyun Song1 , Nayoung Kim1,2 , Hyeong Ho Jo1,3 , Sangbin Kim1 , Yonghoon Choi1 , Hyeon Jeong Oh4 , Hye Seung Lee5 , Hyuk Yoon1 , Cheol Min Shin1 , Young Soo Park1 , Dong Ho Lee1,2 , So Hyun Kang6 , Young Suk Park6 , Sang-Hoon Ahn6 , Yun-Suhk Suh6 , Do Joong Park6,7 , Hyung Ho Kim6,7 , Ji-Won Kim1 , Jin Won Kim1 , Keun-Wook Lee1,2 , Won Chang8 , Ji Hoon Park8 , Yoon Jin Lee8 , Kyoung Ho Lee8,9 , Young Hoon Kim8,9 , Soyeon Ahn10 , Young-Joon Surh11,12
1Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea; 2Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; 3Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea; 4Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea; 5Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; 6Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea; 7Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; 8Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea; 9Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; 10Division of Statistics, Medical Research Collaborating Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea; 11Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea; 12Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
Correspondence to:Nayoung Kim
ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9397-0406
E-mail nakim49@snu.ac.kr
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Background/Aims: Synchronous multiple gastric cancer (SMGC) accounts for approximately 6% to 14% of gastric cancer (GC) cases. This study aimed to identify risk factors for SMGC.
Methods: A total of 14,603 patients diagnosed with GC were prospectively enrolled. Data including age, sex, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, family history, p53 expression, microsatellite instability, cancer classification, lymph node metastasis, and treatment were collected. Risk factors were analyzed using logistic regression analysis between a single GC and SMGC.
Results: The incidence of SMGC was 4.04%, and that of early GC (EGC) and advanced GC (AGC) was 5.43% and 3.11%, respectively. Patients with SMGC were older (65.33 years vs 61.75 years, p<0.001) and more likely to be male. Lymph node metastasis was found in 27% of patients with SMGC and 32% of patients with single GC. Multivariate analysis showed that SMGC was associated with sex (male odds ratio [OR], 1.669; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.223 to 2.278; p=0.001), age (≥65 years OR, 1.532; 95% CI, 1.169 to 2.008; p=0.002), and EGC (OR, 1.929; 95% CI, 1.432 to 2.600; p<0.001). Survival rates were affected by Lauren classification, sex, tumor size, cancer type, distant metastasis, and venous invasion but were not related to the number of GCs. However, the survival rate of AGC with SMGC was very high.
Conclusions: SMGC had unique characteristics such as male sex, older age, and EGC, and the survival rate of AGC, in which the intestinal type was much more frequent, was very good (Trial registration number: NCT04973631).
Keywords: Stomach neoplasms, Multiple primary, Risk factors, Sex
Although the mortality rate is decreasing, the incidence of gastric cancer (GC) is very high in Korea.1 Therefore, the government recommends performing esophagogastroduodenoscopy every 2 years as a screening test for adults over 40 years of age. Due to the national screening system and improvement in diagnostic ability in esophagogastroduodenoscopy, it has become possible to diagnose cancer at an early stage, which has increased rapidly from 54.0% in 2003 to 2007, 63.5% in 2008 to 2012, and 81.0% in 2013 to 2018 in one Korean report.2 The intestinal type is known to have a better prognosis than the diffuse type GC when classified according to the Lauren classification.3
Synchronous multiple GC (SMGC) is a disease in which two or more cancer lesions exist simultaneously and each lesion must exist as a separate lesion regardless of metastasis. Previous studies have shown that the proportion of SMGCs in patients with GC accounts for approximately 6% to 14% of GC cases.4,5 SMGC is also known to be associated with advanced age, well-differentiated lesion, early stage, microsatellite instability (MSI), and p53 mutations.6-8 The occurrence of SMGC might be associated with the tumor microenvironment (TME), which consists of cancer cells and various other components, including infiltrating immune cells, blood vessels, signaling molecules, and extracellular matrix proteins.9 TME is related to chronic inflammation and Helicobacter pylori infection of the gastric epithelium is a major risk factor for GC.10 H. pylori-associated gastritis could promote TME including destruction of tight junction protein.10 This is supported by the beneficial effects of H. pylori eradication in reducing the risk of primary GC incidence11,12 and prevention effect of metachronous GC with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.32 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15 to 0.66; p=0.002).13 Therefore, we hypothesized that the risk factors and survival rates of SMGC are different from those of single GC. This study aimed to identify the characteristics of single and multiple GC and to determine the risk factors for SMGC and survival rate for GC and SMGC according to the Lauren classification.
A total of 14,598 patients diagnosed with GC between May 2003 and February 2020 at the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital were analyzed. Data were prospectively collected from surgical cohort and medical GC cohort of the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital from 2003. Clinical data warehouses and electronic medical records (EMRs) were also reviewed. Age, sex, primary cancer number, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol consumption, family history, p53, MSI, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cancer classification, distant metastasis, lymph node metastasis, lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, treatment, histology and tumor diameter were acquired from medical and surgical cohort and EMRs. Age, height, weight and BMI were confirmed at the time of GC diagnosis, and the location, size, number and histology of GC were confirmed by the pathological results after surgery or endoscopy. Alcohol consumption, smoking, and family history of GC were assessed using questionnaire from the medical or surgical GC cohort and by EMR. Among patients with SMGC, those with residual cancer after endoscopic treatment and underwent surgery were excluded. Regular follow-up endoscopy was performed after endoscopic treatment and surgery. Most patients were generally referred to local hospitals after more than 5 years of follow-up. The dates and causes of death of the enrolled patients were cross-reviewed with data from EMR and the National Statistical Office for verification. Random information that guaranteed patient anonymity was compiled and submitted by a third party to the National Statistical Office, and received data related to patient death. This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (IRB number: B-2006-618-004). This study was performed following the protocols approved by the ethics committee. According to IRB guidelines for unnamed surveys, written informed consent among patients were not required.
SMGC has been identified by diagnostic endoscopy and pathology of surgery and endoscopic treatment. Regular follow-up endoscopy was performed to check whether GC was developed or recurred at least 1 year after the endoscopic treatment and surgery to distinguish it from missing GC and recurrence. The age was divided into two groups based on the age of 65 as defined by the Welfare of Senior Citizens Act of Korea. The location was classified into three groups: upper, middle, and lower according to surgical pathological report format. BMI was divided into underweight (<18.5 kg/m2), normal (18.5 to <25 kg/m2), overweight (25 to <30 kg/m2) and obese (≥30 kg/m2) according to World Health Organization criteria. Histological classification was based on Lauren classification and histology was confirmed after surgery and endoscopic treatment. Single GC was classified as intestinal type, diffuse type, and others. The others included both indeterminate and mixed types. SMGC was classified into all intestinal types, all diffuse types, and others according to Lauren classification of each cancer. The others were mixtures of intestinal and diffuse types. SMGC was classified into major and minor lesions according to tumor size. A major lesion was the lesion with the longest diameter or the deepest depth among the lesions that presents simultaneously. Otherwise, it was defined as a minor lesion. Early GC (EGC) and advanced GC (AGC) were classified according to pathological findings after endoscopic treatment and surgery well as imaging tests such as computed tomography excluding the metastasis, and EGC was defined as cancer invasion into the submucosal layer. However, if surgery could not be performed or surgery was refused, especially in old age or in the presence of other serious diseases, classification was based on computed tomography findings as well as endoscopy. Actually, these cases were very few not affecting the results. The gross types of EGC and AGC were evaluated based on the pathological and endoscopic findings. EGC was classified into three types (I: polypoid type, II: superficial type, and III: excavated type) according to the Paris classification and AGC was classified according to the Borrmann classification.14 Tumor size was based on the pathological findings. Lymphovascular invasion was diagnosed after confirming tumor emboli by staining the lymphatic vessels with D2-40 staining. EBV positive was diagnosed when tumor cells were stained blue by EBV RNA in situ hybridization. When staining of tumor cell nuclei regarding p53 immunohistochemistry was more than 10%, it was determined as p53 positivity.
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Baseline characteristics and variables were analyzed using univariate analysis by the chi-square test and logistics regression. Risk factors were evaluated using odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI in multivariate analysis using logistics regression. Survival rates according to Lauren classification were compared using the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and each p-value was confirmed through the log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards regression. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to adjust for various variables related to survival, and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the HRs. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
A total of 14,603 patients were included, with 14,013 patients with a single GC (95.96%) and 590 patients (4.04%) with SMGC. In average, patients with single GC were followed for 3.55 years and patients with SMGC were followed for 3.69 years in our study. For those patients with endoscopic treatment, single GC were followed for 4.16 years, and SMGC were followed for 5.02 years. For those patients with the surgery, single GC were followed for 4.17 years, and SMGC for 3.81 years. Among the 14,603 patients, 7,749 had EGC (53%) and 4,968 had AGC (34%), except for 1,872 (13%) without pathological data (Fig. 1).
Figure 1. Cancer classification and distribution of single GC and SMGC.Table 1 shows the baseline characteristics of the patients. Patients with SMGC were older than those with single GC (65.33 years vs 61.75 years, p<0.001). The number of elderly patients (≥65 years) was 6,287 (44.9%) in the single GC group and 335 (56.8%) in the SMGC group; 9,267 (66.1%) patients in the single GC group and 451 (76.4%) patients in the SMGC group were males. A total of 518 (87.8%) patients with two cancer lesions were the most common in the SMGC group.
Table 1 . Baseline Characteristics of Patients with Single GC and with SMGC.
| Characteristic | Single GC (n=14,013) | SMGC (n=590) | In EGC (n=7,749) | In AGC (n=4,968) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Major (n=590)/minor lesion (n=680)* | Single GC (n=7,328) | SMGC (n=421) | Single GC (n=4,813) | SMGC (n=155) | |||||
| Age, mean±SD, yr | 61.75±12.84 | 65.33±11.21 | 61.30±11.92 | 64.85±11.18 | 62.05±13.51 | 65.05±11.56 | |||
| ≤64 yr | 7,726 (55.1) | 255 (43.2) | 4,199 (57.3) | 175 (41.6) | 2,551 (53.0) | 76 (49.0) | |||
| ≥65 yr | 6,287 (44.9) | 335 (56.8) | 3,129 (42.7) | 246 (58.4) | 2,262 (47.0) | 79 (51.0) | |||
| Sex | Female | 4,746 (33.9) | 139 (23.6) | 2,430 (33.2) | 110 (26.1) | 1,646 (34.2) | 26 (16.8) | ||
| Male | 9,267 (66.1) | 451 (76.4) | 4,898 (66.8) | 311 (73.9) | 3,167 (65.8) | 129 (83.2) | |||
| BMI, mean±SD, kg/m2 | 23.38±3.43 | 23.30±3.18 | 24.08±3.20 | 24.20±3.12 | 22.84±3.46 | 23.30±3.18 | |||
| Treatment | Operative | 8,639 (61.6) | 485 (82.2) | ||||||
| Endoscopic | 2,197 (15.7) | 74 (12.5) | |||||||
| Chemotherapy | 1,435 (10.2) | 12 (2.0) | |||||||
| Conservative | 1,742 (12.4) | 19 (3.2) | |||||||
| No. of lesions | 2 | 518 (87.8) | |||||||
| 3 | 63 (10.7) | ||||||||
| 4 | 5 (0.8) | ||||||||
| 5 | 1 (0.2) | ||||||||
| 6 | 2 (0.3) | ||||||||
| 8 | 1 (0.2) | ||||||||
| Tumor size, mean (range), cm | 3.60 (0.1–21.0) | 3.09 (0.2–14.5)/1.58 (0–9.5) | 2.36 (0.1–14.0) | 2.45 (0.2–9.2) | 6.05 (0.3–21.0) | 4.88 (0.9–14.5) | |||
| Gross classification | I | 268 (4.0) | 16 (3.8) | 122 (3.5) | 8 (5.5) | ||||
| II | 6,304 (94.5) | 398 (95.2) | 489 (14.2) | 30 (20.5) | |||||
| III | 102 (1.5) | 4 (1.0) | 2,388 (69.2) | 103 (70.6) | |||||
| IV | 450 (13.0) | 5 (3.4) | |||||||
| V | 3 (0.1) | ||||||||
| No data | 654 | 3 | 1,361 | 9 | |||||
| Tumor location | Upper | 2,525 (19.2) | 102 (17.3)/87 (12.8) | ||||||
| Middle | 3,473 (26.4) | 120 (20.3)/157 (23.1) | |||||||
| Lower | 7,175 (54.5) | 367 (62.2)/436 (64.1) | |||||||
| Entire | 1 (0.2)/0 (0) | ||||||||
| No data | 840 | ||||||||
| Lauren type | Intestinal | 7,428 (59.9) | 365 (64.8) | 4,947 (69.0) | 292 (70.0) | 1,907 (45.1) | 73 (50.0) | ||
| Diffuse | 4,605 (37.1) | 77 (13.7) | 2,056 (28.7) | 58 (13.9) | 2,112 (50.0) | 19 (13.0) | |||
| Others | 375 (3.0) | 121 (21.5) | 168 (2.3) | 67 (16.1) | 207 (4.9) | 54 (37.0) | |||
| No data | 1,605 | 27 | 157 | 4 | 587 | 9 | |||
| Cancer classification | EGC | 7,328 (60.4) | 421 (73.1) | ||||||
| AGC | 4,813 (39.6) | 155 (26.9) | |||||||
| No data | 1,872 | 14 | |||||||
| Lymph node metastasis | No | 7,964 (68.0) | 425 (73.0) | 6,590 (90.2) | 373 (88.8) | 1,374 (31.2) | 52 (33.5) | ||
| Yes | 3,743 (32.0) | 157 (27.0) | 716 (9.8) | 47 (11.2) | 3,027 (68.8) | 103 (66.5) | |||
| No data | 2,306 | 8 | 22 | 1 | 412 | ||||
| Distant metastasis | No | 11,052 (85.4) | 562 (97.4) | 7,291 (99.7) | 419 (99.8) | 3,761 (78.4) | 142 (92.8) | ||
| Yes | 1,893 (14.6) | 15 (3.0) | 21 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | 1,037 (21.6) | 11 (7.2) | |||
| No data | 1,068 | 13 | 16 | 1 | 15 | 2 | |||
| Lymphatic invasion | No | 7,068 (68.7) | 393 (69.8) | 6,006 (88.9) | 349 (83.7) | 1,048 (30.0) | 44 (30.1) | ||
| Yes | 3,219 (31.3) | 170 (30.2) | 752 (11.1) | 68 (16.3) | 2,447 (70.0) | 102 (69.9) | |||
| No data | 3,726 | 27 | 570 | 4 | 1,318 | 9 | |||
| Venous invasion | No | 9,274 (90.5) | 519 (92.2) | 6,675 (99.2) | 412 (98.8) | 2,574 (73.7) | 107 (73.3) | ||
| Yes | 971 (9.5) | 44 (7.8) | 51 (0.8) | 5 (1.2) | 918 (26.3) | 39 (26.7) | |||
| No data | 3,768 | 27 | 602 | 4 | 1,321 | 9 | |||
| p53 | No | 5,521 (65.1) | 296 (64.9) | 3,691 (66.4) | 222 (66.1) | 1,799 (62.7) | 74 (61.7) | ||
| Yes | 2,964 (34.9) | 160 (35.1) | 1,869 (33.6) | 114 (33.9) | 1,071 (37.3) | 46 (38.3) | |||
| No data | 5,528 | 134 | 1,768 | 85 | 1,943 | 35 | |||
| MSI | MSS/MSI-L | 6,996 (90.5) | 382 (85.1) | 3,839 (91.5) | 260 (83.9) | 3,021 (89.1) | 122 (87.8) | ||
| MSI-H | 731 (9.5) | 67 (14.9) | 356 (8.5) | 50 (16.1) | 371 (10.9) | 17 (12.2) | |||
| No data | 6,286 | 141 | 3,133 | 111 | 1,421 | 16 | |||
| EBV | Negative | 3,907 (92.6) | 243 (87.7) | 2,271 (92.5) | 182 (88.8) | 1,527 (92.7) | 61 (84.7) | ||
| Positive | 311 (7.4) | 34 (12.3) | 183 (7.5) | 23 (11.2) | 121 (7.3) | 11 (15.3) | |||
| No data | 9,795 | 313 | 4,874 | 216 | 3,165 | 83 | |||
| Family history | No | 3,514 (84.0) | 179 (85.2) | 2,043 (82.6) | 127 (86.4) | 1,360 (86.8) | 51 (82.3) | ||
| Yes | 668 (16.0) | 31 (14.8) | 429 (17.4) | 20 (13.6) | 207 (13.2) | 11 (17.7) | |||
| No data | 9,831 | 380 | 4,856 | 274 | 3,246 | 93 | |||
| Smoker | Never | 6,465 (53.8) | 251 (44.7) | 3,437 (52.6) | 185 (46.6) | 2,343 (53.6) | 62 (40.5) | ||
| Current & past | 5,557 (46.2) | 310 (55.3) | 3,095 (47.4) | 212 (53.4) | 2,031 (46.4) | 91 (59.5) | |||
| No data | 1,991 | 29 | 796 | 24 | 439 | 2 | |||
| Drinker | Never | 3,876 (54.2) | 153 (49.4) | 1,971 (50.3) | 109 (49.8) | 1,483 (57.2) | 39 (45.9) | ||
| Current & past | 3,277 (45.8) | 157 (50.6) | 1,948 (49.7) | 110 (50.2) | 1,111 (42.8) | 46 (54.1) | |||
| No data | 6,860 | 280 | 3,409 | 202 | 2,219 | 70 | |||
Data are presented as number (%) unless indicated otherwise..
GC, gastric cancer; SMGC, synchronous multiple GC, EGC, early GC; AGC, advanced GC; BMI, body mass index; MSI, microsatellite instability; MSI-L, MSI low; MSI-H, MSI high; MSS, microsatellite stability; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus..
*Major lesion denotes a lesion with the longest diameter among lesions present at the same time..
According to the Lauren classification, the intestinal type was 7,428 (59.9%) and the diffuse type was 4,605 (37.1%) in a single GC. The other consisted of mixed type and the indeterminate type was 375 (3.0%) in a single GC. In the SMGC group, all lesions were intestinal type in 365 (64.8%) patients and diffuse type in 77 (13.7%) patients.
In the EGC, there were 7,328 (60.4%) patients in single GC group and 421 (73.1%) patients in the SMGC group. Distant metastases were observed in 1,893 (14.6%) patients with a single GC and 15 (3%) patients with SMGC. Surgery was the most common treatment modality for patients with GC (61.6%) and SMGC (82.2%). In EGC group, during the follow-up period, the endoscopic treatment rate increased from 10% in 2003 to 30% recently, and the surgical treatment rate decreased from 80% to 60%. Overexpression of p53 was observed in 2,964 (34.9%) patients with a single GC and 160 (35.1%) patients with SMGC. EBV positivity was observed in 34 (12.3%) and MSI high in 67 (14.9%) of patients with SMGC.
Among patients with SMGC, the total number of lesions was 1,270, of which 590 were major, and 680 were minor. The average size of the major lesion was 3.09 cm and that of the minor lesion was 1.58 cm in SMGC. The average size of a single GC was 3.6 cm. The lower third of the tumor location was most common in both major and minor lesions of SMGC. In single GC, intestinal type, lower third, and EGC were the most common.
Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the logistic regression, and the results are summarized in Table 2. In the univariate analysis, age, sex, BMI, tumor size, cancer classification, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, MSI, EBV, and smoking were associated with SMGC. Sex, age group, and cancer classification were risk factors according to multivariate analysis. Male patients with SMGC were more common than those with a single GC (OR, 1.669; 95% CI, 1.223 to 2.278; p=0.001). The incidence of SMGC was higher in the elderly (≥65 years) (OR, 1.532; 95% CI, 1.169 to 2.008; p=0.002) and in the EGC (OR, 1.929; 95% CI, 1.432 to 2.600; p<0.001). However, BMI, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, distant metastases, MSI, EBV, and smoking were not significantly associated in the multivariate analysis.
Table 2 . Univariate and Multivariate Analysis for Patients by Logistic Regression.
| Factor | Multivariate analysis for single GC and SMGC | Multivariate analysis for single GC and SMGC in EGC | Multivariate analysis for single GC and SMGC in AGC | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate p-value | Multivariate analysis | Univariate p-value | Multivariate analysis | Univariate p-value | Multivariate analysis | ||||||
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | ||||||
| Age | |||||||||||
| ≤64 yr | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| ≥65 yr | <0.001 | 1.532 (1.169–2.008) | 0.002 | <0.001 | 2.038 (1.599–2.599) | <0.001 | 0.361 | ||||
| Sex | |||||||||||
| Female | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Male | <0.001 | 1.669 (1.223–2.278) | 0.001 | 0.003 | 1.533 (1.169–2.011) | 0.002 | <0.001 | 4.711 (1.764–12.582) | 0.02 | ||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | |||||||||||
| <18.5 (underweight) | Reference | ||||||||||
| 18.5 to <25 (normal) | 0.002 | 1.144 (0.521–2.511) | 0.737 | ||||||||
| 25 to <30 (overweight) | <0.001 | 1.155 (0.518–2.578) | 0.725 | ||||||||
| ≥30 (obesity) | 0.004 | 0.629 (0.193–2.045) | 0.441 | ||||||||
| Tumor size* | |||||||||||
| ≤3 cm/≤2.2 cm/≤5 cm | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| >3 cm/>2.2 cm/>5 cm | 0.002 | 0.780 (0.563–1.080) | 0.134 | <0.001 | 0.350 (0.270–0.454) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.355 (0.179–0.705) | 0.003 | ||
| Cancer classification | |||||||||||
| AGC | Reference | ||||||||||
| EGC | <0.001 | 1.929 (1.432–2.600) | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Gross classification | |||||||||||
| I | |||||||||||
| II | 0.831 | 0.871 | |||||||||
| III | 0.462 | 0.269 | |||||||||
| IV | 0.002 | ||||||||||
| Lymph node metastasis | |||||||||||
| No | |||||||||||
| Yes | 0.012 | 1.099 (0.776–1.556) | 0.596 | 0.353 | 0.539 | ||||||
| Distant metastasis | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | ||||||||||
| Yes | <0.001 | 0.431 (0.058–3.181) | 0.409 | 0.854 | <0.001 | 0 | 0.998 | ||||
| Lymphatic invasion | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | ||||||||||
| Yes | 0.585 | 0.001 | 1.600 (1.169–2.190) | 0.003 | 0.993 | ||||||
| Venous invasion | |||||||||||
| No | |||||||||||
| Yes | 0.189 | 0.326 | 0.909 | ||||||||
| p53 | |||||||||||
| No | |||||||||||
| Yes | 0.946 | 0.906 | 0.822 | ||||||||
| MSI | |||||||||||
| MSS/MSI-L | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| MSI-H | <0.001 | 1.369 (0.899–2.084) | 0.143 | <0.001 | 1.520 (1.067–2.166) | 0.02 | 0.633 | ||||
| EBV | |||||||||||
| Negative | Reference | ||||||||||
| Positive | 0.003 | 1.477 (0.944–2.311) | 0.088 | 0.055 | 0.016 | 2.783 (1.136–6.821) | 0.025 | ||||
| Family history | |||||||||||
| No | |||||||||||
| Yes | 0.64 | 0.243 | 0.306 | ||||||||
| Smoker | |||||||||||
| Never | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Current & past | <0.001 | 0.971 (0.694–1.359) | 0.864 | 0.02 | 1.200 (0.899–1.602) | 0.215 | 0.002 | 0.468 (0.231–0.949) | 0.035 | ||
| Drinker | |||||||||||
| Never | Reference | ||||||||||
| Current & past | 0.095 | 0.881 | 0.04 | 1.402 (0.702–2.799) | 0.338 | ||||||
GC, gastric cancer; SMGC, synchronous multiple GC; EGC, early GC; AGC, advanced GC; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; MSI, microsatellite instability; MSI-L, MSI low; MSI-H, MSI high; MSS, microsatellite stability; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus..
*Single GC and SMGC/single GC and SMGC in EGC/single GC and SMGC in AGC..
The total number of patients with EGC was 7,749, of which 7,328 had a single GC and 421 had SMGC. In the univariate analysis, sex, age, tumor size, lymphatic invasion, MSI, and smoking were associated with SMGC. According to multivariate analysis, in patients with SMGC compared to patients with single GC, the patients were predominantly male (OR, 1.533; 95% CI, 1.169 to 2.011; p=0.002) and the elderly (≥65 years) was more common (OR, 2.038; 95% CI, 1.599 to 2.599; p<0.001). The incidence of SMGC was lower in tumor size (>2.2 cm) (OR, 0.350; 95% CI, 0.270 to 0.454; p<0.001), and lymphatic invasion was more common (OR, 1.600; 95% CI, 1.169 to 2.190; p=0.003). MSI high patients were more common (OR, 1.520; 95% CI, 1.067 to 2.166; p=0.02).
There were 4,968 patients with AGC (single GC, 4,813; SMGC, 155). Univariate analysis showed that sex, tumor size, distant metastasis, EBV, and smoking were associated with SMGC. According to multivariate analysis, there were significant associations with male sex (OR, 4.711; 95% CI, 1.764 to 12.582; p=0.02), tumor size (>5 cm) (OR, 0.355; 95% CI, 0.179 to 0.705; p=0.003), EBV infection (OR, 2.783; 95% CI, 1.136 to 6.821; p=0.025) and smoking (OR, 0.468; 95% CI, 0.231 to 0.949; p=0.035). There was no significant association between age, Borrmann classification, lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, p53, MSI, distant and lymph node metastasis, family history, and alcohol consumption.
According to the Lauren classification, single GCs were divided into intestinal and diffuse types, and SMGCs were classified as all intestinal, all diffuse, and immixture. An immixture is a combination of intestinal and diffuse types. As a result of plotting a Kaplan-Meier graph according to Lauren classification in GC, the survival rate of all intestinal types was higher than that of all diffuse types (Fig. 2).
Figure 2. Survival rate of gastric cancer (GC) and synchronous multiple GC (SMGC). (A) Survival rate of single GC and SMGC. (B) Survival rate of GC according to Lauren classification. (C) Survival rate of SMGC according to Lauren classification.
Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was performed and the results are summarized in Table 3. Age, tumor size, number of primary cancers, cancer type, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, p53, MSI, family history, smoking, and alcohol assumption were risk factors in the univariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. After adjusting for variables identified by univariate analysis using Cox regression analysis, the risk of all diffuse types was higher than that of all intestinal types (adjusted HR, 1.460; p=0.002). Moreover, when even one intestinal type was included, there were no differences compared to the survival rate of all intestinal types (p=0.412).
Table 3 . Cox Proportional Hazard Regression for Lauren Classification.
| Factor | In GC patients | In EGC patients | In AGC patients | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate p-value | Multivariate | Univariate p-value | Multivariate | Univariate p-value | Multivariate | ||||||
| aHR (95% CI) | p-value | aHR (95% CI) | p-value | aHR (95% CI) | p-value | ||||||
| Lauren type | |||||||||||
| Intestinal | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Diffuse | <0.001 | 1.460 (1.143–1.865) | 0.002 | 0.570 | 1.762 (1.018–3.049) | 0.043 | <0.001 | 1.388 (1.063–1.813) | 0.016 | ||
| Immixture | 0.286 | 0.619 (0.196–1.949) | 0.412 | 0.419 | 1.597 (0.385–6.631) | 0.519 | 0.036 | 0.442 (0.088–2.234) | 0.323 | ||
| Sex | |||||||||||
| Female | |||||||||||
| Male | 0.32 | 0.121 | 0.03 | 0.786 (0.570–1.084) | 0.143 | ||||||
| Age | <0.001 | 1.028 (1.018–1.038) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.114 (1.084–1.144) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Tumor size | <0.001 | 1.115 (1.079–1.153) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.948 (0.824–1.090) | 0.454 | <0.001 | 1.110 (1.073–1.148) | <0.001 | ||
| No. of primary cancer | |||||||||||
| ≥2 | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| 1 | <0.001 | 0.904 (0.443–1.844) | 0.781 | 0.691 | 0.001 | 0.917 (0.403-2.086) | 0.837 | ||||
| Cancer type | |||||||||||
| EGC | Reference | ||||||||||
| AGC | <0.001 | 4.069 (2.664–6.215) | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Lymph node metastasis | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Yes | <0.001 | 3.407 (2.412–4.813) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 3.364 (2.030–5.574) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 3.455 (2.283–5.230) | <0.001 | ||
| Distant metastasis | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| Yes | <0.001 | 2.584 (1.893–3.529) | <0.001 | 0.087 | <0.001 | 2.578 (1.885–3.525) | <0.001 | ||||
| Lymphatic invasion | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Yes | <0.001 | 1.016 (0.753–1.370) | 0.919 | <0.001 | 1.579 (0.840 -2.967) | 0.156 | <0.001 | 1.018 (0.747–1.387) | 0.910 | ||
| Venous invasion | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| Yes | <0.001 | 2.229 (1.743–2.850) | <0.001 | 0.708 | <0.001 | 2.233 (1.743–2.862) | <0.001 | ||||
| EBV | |||||||||||
| Negative | |||||||||||
| Positive | 0.872 | 0.479 | 0.721 | ||||||||
| p53 | |||||||||||
| Negative | Reference | ||||||||||
| Over expression | 0.003 | 1.065 (0.849–1.336) | 0.585 | 0.076 | 0.289 | ||||||
| MSI | |||||||||||
| MSI-H | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| MSS/MSI-L | 0.001 | 0.734 (0.478–1.128) | 0.158 | 0.020 | 1.047 (0.533–2.057) | 0.895 | <0.001 | 0.720 (0.461–1.123) | 0.148 | ||
| Family history | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| Yes | 0.001 | 0.774 (0.549–1.092) | 0.145 | 0.979 | 0.018 | 0.773 (0.537–1.113) | 0.166 | ||||
| Smoking | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| Yes | <0.001 | 0.951 (0.738–1.225) | 0.968 | 0.088 | <0.001 | 0.974 (0.723–1.311) | 0.860 | ||||
| Alcohol | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| Yes | <0.001 | 0.951 (0.738–1.225) | 0.696 | 0.857 | <0.001 | 0.921 (0.707–1.200) | 0.543 | ||||
GC, gastric cancer; EGC, early GC; AGC, advanced GC; aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; MSI, microsatellite instability; MSI-L, MSI low; MSI-H, MSI high; MSS, microsatellite stability..
Fig. 3 shows the result of plotting the Kaplan-Meier graph according to the number of cancers and Lauren classification in EGC. There were no differences in survival rates between the single GC and SMGC groups. There was no difference in survival rate according to the Lauren classification. Multivariate analysis was performed using Cox regression to specifically identify factors that affect the survival rate according to the Lauren classification. The same variables as those of patients with GC were used for the Cox regression analysis. Age, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, lymphatic invasion, and MSI were risk factors in the univariate analysis. After correcting for the variables identified by univariate analysis using Cox regression analysis, as in patients with GC, the risk of all diffuse types was higher than that of all intestinal types (adjusted HR, 1.762; p=0.043). Moreover, when even one intestinal type was included, there were no differences compared to the survival rate of all intestinal types (p=0.519) (Table 3). In the Cox regression, the univariate variable did not show a significant p-value of 0.05 or more as shown in the Kaplan-Meier graph, but a difference occurred when other variables were adjusted.
Figure 3. Survival rate of early gastric cancer (GC) and advanced GC. (A) Survival rate of single GC and synchronous multiple GC (SMGC) in early GC. (B) Survival rate of GC according to Lauren classification in early GC. (C) Survival rate of single GC and SMGC in advanced GC. (D) Survival rate of GC according to Lauren classification in advanced GC.
Fig. 3 is the result of plotting the Kaplan-Meier graph according to number of cancer and Lauren classification in AGC. There were differences in survival rates between single GC and SMGC, and survival rates according to the Lauren classification. As a result of correcting for variables identified through univariate analysis using Cox regression analysis, as in patients with GC, the risk of all diffuse types was higher than that of all intestinal types (adjusted HR, 1.388; p=0.016). And when even one intestinal type was included, there was no difference compared with survival rate of all intestinal types (p=0.323) (Table 3).
Our study showed that 4.04% of the patients had SMGC (EGC, 5.43% and AGC, 3.11%), and the patients with SMGC were older and more likely to be male. Multivariate analysis showed that SMGC was associated with sex (male OR, 1.669), age (≥65 years OR, 1.532), and EGC (OR, 1.929). Survival rates were affected by Lauren classification, sex, tumor size, cancer type, distant metastasis, and venous invasion but were not related to the number of GCs. However, the survival rate of AGC with SMGC was high.
Previous studies have shown that the proportion of SMGC in patients with GC accounts for approximately 6% to 14% of GC cases,4,5,7,15 and in the present study, the incidence of SMGC was about 4.04%. The reason for the difference in the SMGC ratio was that most of the existing studies focused on EGC in which the rate of SMGC was higher than that of AGC, and were included only those that were curative status, or only cases that treated by endoscopic treatment or surgery. However, in our study, all data were included regardless of the treatment method and GC progression.16-18 In the present study, when the rate of SMGC of EGC was calculated, the incidence rate of SMGC was 5.43%, similar to that of the previous study.6,7,17
Risk factors for SMGC are known to be associated with the elderly, males, early T stage, differentiated type tumor, p53 mutations, and MSI.6-8,17,19,20 Our multivariate analysis also showed that older age (≥65 years), males, and EGC were associated with SMGC, similar to previous studies. These associations appear to be related to TME, which causes the intestinal type GC at multifocal sites where atrophy and intestinal metaplasia occur.21
In general, tumor multiplicity is related to genetic factors.19 However, the p53 mutation was not relevant and the MSI lost its significance in multivariate analysis. This difference might be due to the higher incidence of GC in Korea than in the West,22 meaning that environmental factors were also related. Furthermore, the incidence of MSI in GC varies between East and West.23 Therefore it might have influenced the association with the incidence of multiple GCs in our study with Koreans.
EBV infection-associated GC (EBVaGC) is more common in young people and males and is located in the upper part of the stomach. According to Lauren classification, diffuse GC was more common in EBVaGC.24,25 Although EBVaGC rarely has lymphatic metastasis, it is often diagnosed at an advanced stage.26 In this study, when multivariate analysis was performed by dividing only AGC cases, EBV infection was associated with the risk of SMGC, which is believed to be attributable to the characteristics of EBVaGC.
The gross classification of EGC and AGC was not associated with the risk of multiple GC. In the overall data, tumor size was not associated with the risk of SMGC, but tumor size was associated when EGC and AGC were classified separately. Family history, smoking, and alcohol consumption were factors that increased the risk of GC, but the association with multiple GC was not found. These results were similar to those of previous studies. There were some missing data in the case of not responding to drinking and smoking through the survey in our study, but drinking and smoking did not significantly affect the results. Furthermore, the gross classification of EGC and AGC was not associated with the risk of multiple GC.
In the case of endoscopic treatment, the location of the GC is not important, but in the case of surgery, it becomes an important factor in determining the treatment method (e.g., proximal gastrectomy, distal gastrectomy, total gastrectomy, pylorus-preserving gastrectomy). GC has been known to occur most frequently in the lower third,27 and when there were multiple lesions, the minor lesions tended to be located adjacent to the major lesions.6,18 In our study, the major and minor lesions were in the same third in 60% of the cases and in 90% of the cases, the minor lesions were in the third adjacent to the major lesion. Therefore, when GC is detected, it is important to check the adjacent site during esophagogastroduodenoscopy because it is usually located in the adjacent area of multiple GC, which could prevent further treatment. However, it could occur with a low probability, even in a remote location; therefore, caution is required.
A previous study reported that the survival rates of single GC and SMGC were similar.21 However, there was a difference in survival rates in this study. To determine the cause of the difference in survival rate, the survival rate was confirmed by dividing EGC and AGC and a survival rate graph was drawn according to the Lauren classification (immixture is a case in which intestinal and diffuse types are mixed in SMGC) This difference was believed to be the result of the integration of the results of the cancer classification (EGC and AGC) and Lauren classification. When survival rates were analyzed in the EGC and AGC groups, there were no differences between single GC and SMGC in EGC (p=0.691); however, a significant difference remained in AGC (p=0.001) (Fig. 3). Considering the factors affecting the survival rate according to the Lauren classification, the number of GC was not related to the survival rate, and the distribution of GC according to the Lauren classification was important. In multiple GCs, all diffuse types were at the highest risk, and there were no differences in survival rate compared with all intestinal types if there was at least one intestinal type. A comprehensive analysis of SMGC, including the tissue type of GC in each AGC/EGC regarding survival rate, has not been reported in a large cohort.
Our study had several limitations. First, although our study had a larger sample size than other studies, it was conducted at a single institution. Second, our study was a prospective observational cohort study, which prospectively collected data from the surgical cohort and the medical cohort, but all data were not filled up consistently. Therefore, there was a limitation that p53, EBV, atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, H. pylori and its eradication treatment which are related with GC,28 were not performed consistently.29,30 Although the data are not clean in comparison to complete prospective design, we tried to minimize selection bias during the very long period. In addition, 13% of cases lacked pathological dates mainly because surgery could not be performed or surgery was refused, especially in the old age or in the presence of other serious diseases. Despite these limitations, our study had three strengths. First, the sample size was relatively large. Second, all GCs, including AGC and EGC, were analyzed. Third, in a previous study, only the prognoses of a single GC and multiple GCs were compared. In contrast, our study provided new information by comparing the prognosis according to histology using the Lauren classification.
In conclusion, SMGC had unique characteristics such as male sex, older age, and EGC, and the survival rate was very good in cases of AGC in which the intestinal type was much more frequent.
This work was supported by grant no 13-2019-001 from the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (SNUBH) Research fund. The authors thank the Division of Statistics in Medical Research Collaborating Center at SNUBH for statistical analysis.
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Study concept and design: N.K. Data acquisition: H.H.J., S.K., Y.C., Y.J.S., H.J.O., H.S.L., H.Y., C.M.S., Y.S.P., D.H.L., S.H.K., Y.S.P., S.H.A., Y.S.S., D.J.P., H.H.K., W.C., J.H.P., Y.J.L., K.H.L., Y.H.K., Ji-Won Kim, Jin Won Kim, K.W.L. Data analysis and interpretation: D.H.S. Drafting of the manuscript: D.H.S. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: D.H.S., N.K. Statistical analysis: D.H.S., S.A. Approval of final manuscript: all authors.
Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of Patients with Single GC and with SMGC
| Characteristic | Single GC (n=14,013) | SMGC (n=590) | In EGC (n=7,749) | In AGC (n=4,968) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Major (n=590)/minor lesion (n=680)* | Single GC (n=7,328) | SMGC (n=421) | Single GC (n=4,813) | SMGC (n=155) | |||||
| Age, mean±SD, yr | 61.75±12.84 | 65.33±11.21 | 61.30±11.92 | 64.85±11.18 | 62.05±13.51 | 65.05±11.56 | |||
| ≤64 yr | 7,726 (55.1) | 255 (43.2) | 4,199 (57.3) | 175 (41.6) | 2,551 (53.0) | 76 (49.0) | |||
| ≥65 yr | 6,287 (44.9) | 335 (56.8) | 3,129 (42.7) | 246 (58.4) | 2,262 (47.0) | 79 (51.0) | |||
| Sex | Female | 4,746 (33.9) | 139 (23.6) | 2,430 (33.2) | 110 (26.1) | 1,646 (34.2) | 26 (16.8) | ||
| Male | 9,267 (66.1) | 451 (76.4) | 4,898 (66.8) | 311 (73.9) | 3,167 (65.8) | 129 (83.2) | |||
| BMI, mean±SD, kg/m2 | 23.38±3.43 | 23.30±3.18 | 24.08±3.20 | 24.20±3.12 | 22.84±3.46 | 23.30±3.18 | |||
| Treatment | Operative | 8,639 (61.6) | 485 (82.2) | ||||||
| Endoscopic | 2,197 (15.7) | 74 (12.5) | |||||||
| Chemotherapy | 1,435 (10.2) | 12 (2.0) | |||||||
| Conservative | 1,742 (12.4) | 19 (3.2) | |||||||
| No. of lesions | 2 | 518 (87.8) | |||||||
| 3 | 63 (10.7) | ||||||||
| 4 | 5 (0.8) | ||||||||
| 5 | 1 (0.2) | ||||||||
| 6 | 2 (0.3) | ||||||||
| 8 | 1 (0.2) | ||||||||
| Tumor size, mean (range), cm | 3.60 (0.1–21.0) | 3.09 (0.2–14.5)/1.58 (0–9.5) | 2.36 (0.1–14.0) | 2.45 (0.2–9.2) | 6.05 (0.3–21.0) | 4.88 (0.9–14.5) | |||
| Gross classification | I | 268 (4.0) | 16 (3.8) | 122 (3.5) | 8 (5.5) | ||||
| II | 6,304 (94.5) | 398 (95.2) | 489 (14.2) | 30 (20.5) | |||||
| III | 102 (1.5) | 4 (1.0) | 2,388 (69.2) | 103 (70.6) | |||||
| IV | 450 (13.0) | 5 (3.4) | |||||||
| V | 3 (0.1) | ||||||||
| No data | 654 | 3 | 1,361 | 9 | |||||
| Tumor location | Upper | 2,525 (19.2) | 102 (17.3)/87 (12.8) | ||||||
| Middle | 3,473 (26.4) | 120 (20.3)/157 (23.1) | |||||||
| Lower | 7,175 (54.5) | 367 (62.2)/436 (64.1) | |||||||
| Entire | 1 (0.2)/0 (0) | ||||||||
| No data | 840 | ||||||||
| Lauren type | Intestinal | 7,428 (59.9) | 365 (64.8) | 4,947 (69.0) | 292 (70.0) | 1,907 (45.1) | 73 (50.0) | ||
| Diffuse | 4,605 (37.1) | 77 (13.7) | 2,056 (28.7) | 58 (13.9) | 2,112 (50.0) | 19 (13.0) | |||
| Others | 375 (3.0) | 121 (21.5) | 168 (2.3) | 67 (16.1) | 207 (4.9) | 54 (37.0) | |||
| No data | 1,605 | 27 | 157 | 4 | 587 | 9 | |||
| Cancer classification | EGC | 7,328 (60.4) | 421 (73.1) | ||||||
| AGC | 4,813 (39.6) | 155 (26.9) | |||||||
| No data | 1,872 | 14 | |||||||
| Lymph node metastasis | No | 7,964 (68.0) | 425 (73.0) | 6,590 (90.2) | 373 (88.8) | 1,374 (31.2) | 52 (33.5) | ||
| Yes | 3,743 (32.0) | 157 (27.0) | 716 (9.8) | 47 (11.2) | 3,027 (68.8) | 103 (66.5) | |||
| No data | 2,306 | 8 | 22 | 1 | 412 | ||||
| Distant metastasis | No | 11,052 (85.4) | 562 (97.4) | 7,291 (99.7) | 419 (99.8) | 3,761 (78.4) | 142 (92.8) | ||
| Yes | 1,893 (14.6) | 15 (3.0) | 21 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | 1,037 (21.6) | 11 (7.2) | |||
| No data | 1,068 | 13 | 16 | 1 | 15 | 2 | |||
| Lymphatic invasion | No | 7,068 (68.7) | 393 (69.8) | 6,006 (88.9) | 349 (83.7) | 1,048 (30.0) | 44 (30.1) | ||
| Yes | 3,219 (31.3) | 170 (30.2) | 752 (11.1) | 68 (16.3) | 2,447 (70.0) | 102 (69.9) | |||
| No data | 3,726 | 27 | 570 | 4 | 1,318 | 9 | |||
| Venous invasion | No | 9,274 (90.5) | 519 (92.2) | 6,675 (99.2) | 412 (98.8) | 2,574 (73.7) | 107 (73.3) | ||
| Yes | 971 (9.5) | 44 (7.8) | 51 (0.8) | 5 (1.2) | 918 (26.3) | 39 (26.7) | |||
| No data | 3,768 | 27 | 602 | 4 | 1,321 | 9 | |||
| p53 | No | 5,521 (65.1) | 296 (64.9) | 3,691 (66.4) | 222 (66.1) | 1,799 (62.7) | 74 (61.7) | ||
| Yes | 2,964 (34.9) | 160 (35.1) | 1,869 (33.6) | 114 (33.9) | 1,071 (37.3) | 46 (38.3) | |||
| No data | 5,528 | 134 | 1,768 | 85 | 1,943 | 35 | |||
| MSI | MSS/MSI-L | 6,996 (90.5) | 382 (85.1) | 3,839 (91.5) | 260 (83.9) | 3,021 (89.1) | 122 (87.8) | ||
| MSI-H | 731 (9.5) | 67 (14.9) | 356 (8.5) | 50 (16.1) | 371 (10.9) | 17 (12.2) | |||
| No data | 6,286 | 141 | 3,133 | 111 | 1,421 | 16 | |||
| EBV | Negative | 3,907 (92.6) | 243 (87.7) | 2,271 (92.5) | 182 (88.8) | 1,527 (92.7) | 61 (84.7) | ||
| Positive | 311 (7.4) | 34 (12.3) | 183 (7.5) | 23 (11.2) | 121 (7.3) | 11 (15.3) | |||
| No data | 9,795 | 313 | 4,874 | 216 | 3,165 | 83 | |||
| Family history | No | 3,514 (84.0) | 179 (85.2) | 2,043 (82.6) | 127 (86.4) | 1,360 (86.8) | 51 (82.3) | ||
| Yes | 668 (16.0) | 31 (14.8) | 429 (17.4) | 20 (13.6) | 207 (13.2) | 11 (17.7) | |||
| No data | 9,831 | 380 | 4,856 | 274 | 3,246 | 93 | |||
| Smoker | Never | 6,465 (53.8) | 251 (44.7) | 3,437 (52.6) | 185 (46.6) | 2,343 (53.6) | 62 (40.5) | ||
| Current & past | 5,557 (46.2) | 310 (55.3) | 3,095 (47.4) | 212 (53.4) | 2,031 (46.4) | 91 (59.5) | |||
| No data | 1,991 | 29 | 796 | 24 | 439 | 2 | |||
| Drinker | Never | 3,876 (54.2) | 153 (49.4) | 1,971 (50.3) | 109 (49.8) | 1,483 (57.2) | 39 (45.9) | ||
| Current & past | 3,277 (45.8) | 157 (50.6) | 1,948 (49.7) | 110 (50.2) | 1,111 (42.8) | 46 (54.1) | |||
| No data | 6,860 | 280 | 3,409 | 202 | 2,219 | 70 | |||
Data are presented as number (%) unless indicated otherwise.
GC, gastric cancer; SMGC, synchronous multiple GC, EGC, early GC; AGC, advanced GC; BMI, body mass index; MSI, microsatellite instability; MSI-L, MSI low; MSI-H, MSI high; MSS, microsatellite stability; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus.
*Major lesion denotes a lesion with the longest diameter among lesions present at the same time.
Table 2 Univariate and Multivariate Analysis for Patients by Logistic Regression
| Factor | Multivariate analysis for single GC and SMGC | Multivariate analysis for single GC and SMGC in EGC | Multivariate analysis for single GC and SMGC in AGC | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate p-value | Multivariate analysis | Univariate p-value | Multivariate analysis | Univariate p-value | Multivariate analysis | ||||||
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | ||||||
| Age | |||||||||||
| ≤64 yr | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| ≥65 yr | <0.001 | 1.532 (1.169–2.008) | 0.002 | <0.001 | 2.038 (1.599–2.599) | <0.001 | 0.361 | ||||
| Sex | |||||||||||
| Female | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Male | <0.001 | 1.669 (1.223–2.278) | 0.001 | 0.003 | 1.533 (1.169–2.011) | 0.002 | <0.001 | 4.711 (1.764–12.582) | 0.02 | ||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | |||||||||||
| <18.5 (underweight) | Reference | ||||||||||
| 18.5 to <25 (normal) | 0.002 | 1.144 (0.521–2.511) | 0.737 | ||||||||
| 25 to <30 (overweight) | <0.001 | 1.155 (0.518–2.578) | 0.725 | ||||||||
| ≥30 (obesity) | 0.004 | 0.629 (0.193–2.045) | 0.441 | ||||||||
| Tumor size* | |||||||||||
| ≤3 cm/≤2.2 cm/≤5 cm | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| >3 cm/>2.2 cm/>5 cm | 0.002 | 0.780 (0.563–1.080) | 0.134 | <0.001 | 0.350 (0.270–0.454) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.355 (0.179–0.705) | 0.003 | ||
| Cancer classification | |||||||||||
| AGC | Reference | ||||||||||
| EGC | <0.001 | 1.929 (1.432–2.600) | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Gross classification | |||||||||||
| I | |||||||||||
| II | 0.831 | 0.871 | |||||||||
| III | 0.462 | 0.269 | |||||||||
| IV | 0.002 | ||||||||||
| Lymph node metastasis | |||||||||||
| No | |||||||||||
| Yes | 0.012 | 1.099 (0.776–1.556) | 0.596 | 0.353 | 0.539 | ||||||
| Distant metastasis | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | ||||||||||
| Yes | <0.001 | 0.431 (0.058–3.181) | 0.409 | 0.854 | <0.001 | 0 | 0.998 | ||||
| Lymphatic invasion | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | ||||||||||
| Yes | 0.585 | 0.001 | 1.600 (1.169–2.190) | 0.003 | 0.993 | ||||||
| Venous invasion | |||||||||||
| No | |||||||||||
| Yes | 0.189 | 0.326 | 0.909 | ||||||||
| p53 | |||||||||||
| No | |||||||||||
| Yes | 0.946 | 0.906 | 0.822 | ||||||||
| MSI | |||||||||||
| MSS/MSI-L | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| MSI-H | <0.001 | 1.369 (0.899–2.084) | 0.143 | <0.001 | 1.520 (1.067–2.166) | 0.02 | 0.633 | ||||
| EBV | |||||||||||
| Negative | Reference | ||||||||||
| Positive | 0.003 | 1.477 (0.944–2.311) | 0.088 | 0.055 | 0.016 | 2.783 (1.136–6.821) | 0.025 | ||||
| Family history | |||||||||||
| No | |||||||||||
| Yes | 0.64 | 0.243 | 0.306 | ||||||||
| Smoker | |||||||||||
| Never | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Current & past | <0.001 | 0.971 (0.694–1.359) | 0.864 | 0.02 | 1.200 (0.899–1.602) | 0.215 | 0.002 | 0.468 (0.231–0.949) | 0.035 | ||
| Drinker | |||||||||||
| Never | Reference | ||||||||||
| Current & past | 0.095 | 0.881 | 0.04 | 1.402 (0.702–2.799) | 0.338 | ||||||
GC, gastric cancer; SMGC, synchronous multiple GC; EGC, early GC; AGC, advanced GC; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; MSI, microsatellite instability; MSI-L, MSI low; MSI-H, MSI high; MSS, microsatellite stability; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus.
*Single GC and SMGC/single GC and SMGC in EGC/single GC and SMGC in AGC.
Table 3 Cox Proportional Hazard Regression for Lauren Classification
| Factor | In GC patients | In EGC patients | In AGC patients | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate p-value | Multivariate | Univariate p-value | Multivariate | Univariate p-value | Multivariate | ||||||
| aHR (95% CI) | p-value | aHR (95% CI) | p-value | aHR (95% CI) | p-value | ||||||
| Lauren type | |||||||||||
| Intestinal | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Diffuse | <0.001 | 1.460 (1.143–1.865) | 0.002 | 0.570 | 1.762 (1.018–3.049) | 0.043 | <0.001 | 1.388 (1.063–1.813) | 0.016 | ||
| Immixture | 0.286 | 0.619 (0.196–1.949) | 0.412 | 0.419 | 1.597 (0.385–6.631) | 0.519 | 0.036 | 0.442 (0.088–2.234) | 0.323 | ||
| Sex | |||||||||||
| Female | |||||||||||
| Male | 0.32 | 0.121 | 0.03 | 0.786 (0.570–1.084) | 0.143 | ||||||
| Age | <0.001 | 1.028 (1.018–1.038) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.114 (1.084–1.144) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Tumor size | <0.001 | 1.115 (1.079–1.153) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.948 (0.824–1.090) | 0.454 | <0.001 | 1.110 (1.073–1.148) | <0.001 | ||
| No. of primary cancer | |||||||||||
| ≥2 | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| 1 | <0.001 | 0.904 (0.443–1.844) | 0.781 | 0.691 | 0.001 | 0.917 (0.403-2.086) | 0.837 | ||||
| Cancer type | |||||||||||
| EGC | Reference | ||||||||||
| AGC | <0.001 | 4.069 (2.664–6.215) | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Lymph node metastasis | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Yes | <0.001 | 3.407 (2.412–4.813) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 3.364 (2.030–5.574) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 3.455 (2.283–5.230) | <0.001 | ||
| Distant metastasis | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| Yes | <0.001 | 2.584 (1.893–3.529) | <0.001 | 0.087 | <0.001 | 2.578 (1.885–3.525) | <0.001 | ||||
| Lymphatic invasion | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Yes | <0.001 | 1.016 (0.753–1.370) | 0.919 | <0.001 | 1.579 (0.840 -2.967) | 0.156 | <0.001 | 1.018 (0.747–1.387) | 0.910 | ||
| Venous invasion | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| Yes | <0.001 | 2.229 (1.743–2.850) | <0.001 | 0.708 | <0.001 | 2.233 (1.743–2.862) | <0.001 | ||||
| EBV | |||||||||||
| Negative | |||||||||||
| Positive | 0.872 | 0.479 | 0.721 | ||||||||
| p53 | |||||||||||
| Negative | Reference | ||||||||||
| Over expression | 0.003 | 1.065 (0.849–1.336) | 0.585 | 0.076 | 0.289 | ||||||
| MSI | |||||||||||
| MSI-H | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| MSS/MSI-L | 0.001 | 0.734 (0.478–1.128) | 0.158 | 0.020 | 1.047 (0.533–2.057) | 0.895 | <0.001 | 0.720 (0.461–1.123) | 0.148 | ||
| Family history | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| Yes | 0.001 | 0.774 (0.549–1.092) | 0.145 | 0.979 | 0.018 | 0.773 (0.537–1.113) | 0.166 | ||||
| Smoking | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| Yes | <0.001 | 0.951 (0.738–1.225) | 0.968 | 0.088 | <0.001 | 0.974 (0.723–1.311) | 0.860 | ||||
| Alcohol | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | |||||||||
| Yes | <0.001 | 0.951 (0.738–1.225) | 0.696 | 0.857 | <0.001 | 0.921 (0.707–1.200) | 0.543 | ||||
GC, gastric cancer; EGC, early GC; AGC, advanced GC; aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; MSI, microsatellite instability; MSI-L, MSI low; MSI-H, MSI high; MSS, microsatellite stability.
pISSN 1976-2283
eISSN 2005-1212
Gut and Liver is an international journal of gastroenterology, focusing on the gastrointestinal tract, liver, biliary tree, pancreas, motility, and neurogastroenterology. Gut atnd Liver delivers up-to-date, authoritative papers on both clinical and research-based topics in gastroenterology. The Journal publishes original articles, case reports, brief communications, letters to the editor and invited review articles in the field of gastroenterology. The Journal is operated by internationally renowned editorial boards and designed to provide a global opportunity to promote academic developments in the field of gastroenterology and hepatology. +MORE
| Yong Chan Lee |
Professor of Medicine Director, Gastrointestinal Research Laboratory Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Univ. California San Francisco San Francisco, USA |
| Jong Pil Im | Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea |
| Robert S. Bresalier | University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA |
| Steven H. Itzkowitz | Mount Sinai Medical Center, NY, USA |
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