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  • 1. Aims and Scope

    Gut and Liver is an international journal of gastroenterology, focusing on the gastrointestinal tract, liver, biliary tree, pancreas, motility, and neurogastroenterology. Gut atnd Liver delivers up-to-date, authoritative papers on both clinical and research-based topics in gastroenterology. The Journal publishes original articles, case reports, brief communications, letters to the editor and invited review articles in the field of gastroenterology. The Journal is operated by internationally renowned editorial boards and designed to provide a global opportunity to promote academic developments in the field of gastroenterology and hepatology. +MORE

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    Editor-in-Chief + MORE

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    Yong Chan Lee Professor of Medicine
    Director, Gastrointestinal Research Laboratory
    Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Univ. California San Francisco
    San Francisco, USA

    Deputy Editor

    Deputy Editor
    Jong Pil Im Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
    Robert S. Bresalier University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
    Steven H. Itzkowitz Mount Sinai Medical Center, NY, USA
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    All papers submitted to Gut and Liver are reviewed by the editorial team before being sent out for an external peer review to rule out papers that have low priority, insufficient originality, scientific flaws, or the absence of a message of importance to the readers of the Journal. A decision about these papers will usually be made within two or three weeks.
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Prevalence of Subjects at a High or Very High Risk of Gastric Cancer in Japan

Miyoko Yamaoka, and Shigemi Nakajima*

Author Info +

Department of Healthcare, Social Insurance Shiga Hospital, Otsu, Japan.

Correspondence to: Shigemi Nakajima. Department of Healthcare, Social Insurance Shiga Hospital, 16-1 Fujimidai, Otsu, Shiga 520-0846, Japan. Tel: +81-77-537-3101, Fax: +81-77-534-0566, shigemin@rainbow.plala.or.jp

Received: August 29, 2008; Accepted: February 19, 2009

Gut Liver 2009;3(2):95-100

Published online June 30, 2009, Published Date June 30, 2009 https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl.2009.3.2.95

Copyright © Gut and Liver.

Abstract

Go to

Background/Aims

The presence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection represents a high-risk state of gastric cancer, but the risk is even higher in gastric atrophy. H. pylori stool antigen (HpSA) and serum pepsinogen (PG) tests are useful tools for screening present infection and gastric atrophy, respectively. To determine the prevalence of subjects at a high risk (HpSA+ or PG+) or very high risk (PG+) of gastric cancer in Japan, we applied the two tests to a general population.

Methods

The subjects included 311 volunteers. We used Meridian HpSA ELISA for the HpSA test and Pepsinogen RIA Beads for the PG test. PG I at ≤70 ?g/L and I/II ratio of ≤3.0 were used as cutoffs for PG-test positivity.

Results

Positivity rates in HpSA and PG tests significantly increased with age in those younger than 60 years and in all age groups, respectively. The proportions of HpSA-/PG- and HpSA+/PG+ sujects decreased and increased with age, respectively. A small proportion of HpSA-/PG+ subjects were older than 40 years. The prevalence of subjects who were either HpSA+ or PG+ increased with age (>50% of those older than 40 years). Half of the subjects older than 60 years were PG+.

Conclusions

In Japan, more than 50% of general population aged ≥40 years is at a high risk of gastric cancer, and half of the population aged ≥60 years is at a very high risk.

Keywords: Helicobacter pylori, Stool antigen, Pepsinogen, Gastric cancer screening, Epidemiology

INTRODUCTION

Go to

It is established that Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a high-risk state of gastric cancer,1,2 and it is important to screen high risk subjects for gastric cancer in general population by using a certain H. pylori test. Anti-H. pylori antibody test is widely used to screen H. pylori infection, but it demonstrates past infection as well as present infection. On the other hand, H. pylori stool antigen (HpSA) test predicts only present infection, and the test has a high sensitivity and specificity to screen present H. pylori infection.3

It is also established that gastric atrophy is a high risk state or a precursor lesion of gastric cancer.4,5 Serum pepsinogen (PG) test is a useful tool to screen gastric atrophy with or without endoscopic examination.6

Therefore, high-risk subjects for gastric cancer are recognized as those who have present H. pylori infection or gastric atrophy (HpSA+ or PG+), and very high risk subjects as those who have atrophy irrespective of present H. pylori infection (PG+).2

To make a good strategy to screen high-risk subjects for gastric cancer in a population which has a high prevalence of gastric cancer such as Japanese or Korean, we examined sex and age distributions of HpSA and PG tests in a Japanese population.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Go to
1. Subjects

The subjects were 333 volunteers who visited Healthcare Center of Social Insurance Shiga Hospital to undergo both HpSA and PG tests at annual health check in 2004. Twenty-two volunteers, who had undergone H. pylori eradication, are under treatment for peptic ulcer, had undergone surgical operation for stomach, or had unknown medical history were excluded from the study.

2. HpSA and PG tests

We used Meridian HpSA ELISA (TFB Inc., Tokyo, Japan/Meridian Bioscience Inc., Cincinnati, OH, USA) to measure HpSA. Absorption was measured at 450/630 nm, and the results were evaluated as the followings. When ELISA value was 0.120 or above, the case was evaluated as HpSA-positive (HpSA+). When ELISA value was below 0.100, the case was evaluated as HpSA-negative (HpSA-). In case with intermediate result, the case was considered as indeterminate, and excluded from the study.

For serum PG I and II, we used Pepsinogen RIA Beads I and II (Abbott Japan Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The result of PG test was interpreted by the value of PG I and the ratio of PG I/II. The criteria for positive PG test were defined as the followings: both PG I was 70 µg/L or below, and PG I/II ratio was 3.0 or below.

3. Statistical analyses

Statistical analysis was performed using ystat2004.xls for Windows/Macintosh (Igaku Tosho Shuppan Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan). The Chi square test or Yates corrected Chi square test were used to compare the difference between sexes or age groups. Spearman's correlation test was used to evaluate correlations between age groups and positive rates of HpSA or PG tests. Significance was evaluated with p value below 0.05 in two-tailed examination.

4. Ethics

The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Social Insurance Shiga Hospital.

RESULTS

Go to

After exclusion of the subjects, 311 volunteers were included in the study. The study population is shown in Fig. 1. The age distribution of the study subjects was significantly different between sexes. Therefore the results were analyzed in each sex.

The results of HpSA test are shown in Fig. 2. There was significant difference in HpSA positivity between sexes in only 50s, but no difference in the other age groups. Positive rate of HpSA test increased with age in both sexes under 60s, but decreased in the older age in male whereas increased in female. Combined with both sexes, the positive rate of HpSA test significantly increased with age under 60s.

The results of PG test are shown in Fig. 3. The positive rate of PG test significantly increased with age in all age groups in both sexes. There was no significant difference in PG positivity between sexes. Combined with both sexes, the positive rate of PG test significantly increased with age in all age groups.

The results of combination with HpSA and PG tests are shown in Fig. 4. There was no significant difference in the proportion of the two test results between sexes in each age group. Combined with both sexes, the proportion of HpSA-/PG- subjects decreased with age. On the other hand, the proportion of HpSA+/PG+ subjects increased with age, whereas that of HpSA+/PG- subjects increased until 40s, but then decreased in 50s and older. A small proportion of HpSA-/PG+ subjects were detected in 40s and older. The prevalence of either HpSA+ or PG+ subjects increased with age. More than 50% subjects aged 40 or older are either HpSA+ or PG+, and nearly 50% subjects in 60-70s were PG+ (Fig. 4).

DISCUSSION

Go to

The present study showed that the positive rate of HpSA test increased with age in both male and female, except for 60-70s in male. This age-dependent increase of HpSA positive rate was similar to the tendency of the positive rate of serum anti-H. pylori antibody in a Japanese population reported by Asaka et al.7 in 1992. There was a small difference in HpSA positive rate between sexes in only 50s in our study. We can not evaluate if it is meaningful or not in the present study. It may be related to the male predominance of gastric diseases in 50s in Japanese.8 The fact that the rate of HpSA-positive test did not increase in 60-70s in male may be the similar tendency in Asaka's study in which the rate of antibody-positive subjects born before 1950 did not increase. Combined with both sexes, the positive rate of HpSA test significantly increased with age under 60s in our study. The positive rate of HpSA test in our study was approximately 60% in the subjects born before 1954 (50s or older), whereas the positive rate of H. pylori antibody in Asaka's study was 70-80% in the subjects born before 1950. Because serum antibody is detected in the subjects who have been eradicated, the rate of positive antibody test may be greater than that of positive HpSA test which shows present infection of H. pylori in the stomach. Thus our study indicated that the rate of present H. pylori infection increased with age and the rate of present infection in the subjects born before 1954 was approximately 60%. Although HpSA test shows present infection of H. pylori in the stomach, the test needs a measurable amount of H. pylori antigens in the stool. If there are only small amount of the bacteria in the stomach, the test could show a negative result. Therefore our results with HpSA test may be underestimated. This is one of the reasons why the positive rate of HpSA test in our study was lower than that of antibody test in Asaka's study.

Our study also showed that the positive rate of PG test increased with age in both male and female. There was no significant difference between sexes. The rate of positive PG test in male did increase in 60-70s, indicating that increasing PG positive tendency continued over 50s in spite that the rate of present H. pylori infection did not increase. In female the positive rates of HpSA and PG tests increased with age. Combined with both sexes, the positive rate of PG test increased with age. The positive rate of PG test increased later than the increase of the positive rate of HpSA test. Because PG test demonstrates gastric atrophy6 and atrophy develops in subjects who have long-term infection of H. pylori in the stomach,9-11 our results of HpSA and PG test are consistent with the facts.

In combination with both HpSA and PG tests, there was no significant difference between sexes in the proportion of the results of the two tests in each age group. Thus, combined with both sexes, the proportion of HpSA-/PG- subjects decreased with age. This compartment of the subjects reflects H. pylori-virgin subjects, indicating that younger people have less possibility of H. pylori infection in Japan. On the other hand the proportion of HpSA+/PG+ subjects increased with age. This compartment reflects H. pylori-infected subjects with gastric atrophy, indicating that gastric atrophy increased with age. HpSA+/PG- subjects increased until 40s, but then decreased in 50s and older. These tendencies of the two HpSA+ compartments reflect that gastric atrophy developed from HpSA+/PG- subjects to HpSA+/PG+ subjects, and a half of the 50s and the majority of the 60-70s subjects with H. pylori infection had gotten atrophy, respectively. A small proportion of HpSA-/PG+ subjects were detected in 40s and older. It is reported that long-term H. pylori infection causes gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia,12 and the amount of the bacteria decreases in the individuals who have a large amount of intestinal metaplasia in the stomach.13 Because intestinal metaplasia develops in parallel to the development of gastric atrophy,9 the appearance of HpSA-/PG+ subjects reflects that H. pylori had been rejected from the stomach or decreased below the measurable amount in some subjects in older ages due to progressed intestinal metaplasia with atrophy. It is reported that this compartment is the group that has the highest risk for gastric cancer,2 so that we should not neglect the individuals in this compartment. In screening high risk subjects for gastric cancer with only HpSA test, the individuals with the highest risk could not be trapped. Thus PG test should be combined with HpSA test for screening high risk subjects for gastric cancer.

If we classified either HpSA+ or PG+ subjects as high-risk subjects for gastric cancer, the prevalence of high-risk subjects increased with age, and more than 50% subjects aged 40s or older are at high risk in Japan. If we classified PG+ subjects as very high-risk subjects for gastric cancer, nearly 50% subjects in 60-70s are at very high-risk in Japan. The combination of HpSA and PG test is one of the choices for screening and classifying high risk subjects for gastric cancer.

However, in countries where the prevalence of H. pylori infection and gastric atrophy is high, such as in Japan, majority of the subjects in middle and high-aged populations show positive results by screening with the two tests. It may not be cost-effective to examine all the positive subjects with endoscopy. Therefore one more examination such as barium X-ray examination may be added for screening subjects who really need endoscopy.

Recently, four methods for gastric cancer screening, barium X-ray examination, endoscopy, serum pepsinogen testing and Helicobacter pylori antibody testing, were evaluated by a systematic review in Japan.14 According to the report, gastric cancer screening using barium X-ray examination is recommended for population-based screening, but the other methods were not recommended due to insufficient evidence. However, the report also suggested that the high-risk subjects for gastric cancer could be identified with combination of H. pylori antibody and serum PG tests.14 From the present study, by using HpSA and PG tests, we can also screen and identify those who are in high risk and very high risk for gastric cancer. Because eradication therapy is effective for prevention of gastric cancer in those who have atrophy in the stomach,15 and because HpSA test predicts current infection of H. pylori, this combination of HpSA and PG tests may give valuable information for eradication therapy to prevent gastric cancer.

Figures

Go to
Fig. 1.Age and sex distributions of the study subjects. Age distribution of the study subjects differed significantly with sex (chi-square test, p=0.000274).
Fig. 2.Positive rate in the HpSA test for each sex (A) and across all subjects (B) according to age groups. HpSA positivity differed significantly with sex only in those aged 50-59 years (Yates' corrected chi-square test, p=0.034). The positive rate in the HpSA test was significantly correlated with age in males <60 years old and in all age groups in females (Spearman's correlation test: rs=1, p<0.0001). The positive rate in the HpSA test was significantly correlated with age in combined males and females younger than 60 years (Spearman's correlation test: rs=1, p<0.0001).
Fig. 3.Positive rate in the PG test for each sex (A) and across all subjects (B) according to age groups. PG positivity did not differ significantly with sex (Yates' corrected chi-square test). PG positivity was significantly correlated with age for each sex (A) and across all subjects (B) (Spearman's correlation test: rs=1, p<0.0001).
Fig. 4.Proportion of the results of HpSA and PG tests for males (A), females (B) and all subjects (C) according to age groups. The proportion of the two test results did not differ significantly with sex in each age group (Yates' corrected chi-square test).

References

Go to
  1. Uemura, N, Okamoto, S, Yamamoto, S, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of gastric cancer. N Engl J Med, 2001;345;784-789.
    Pubmed
  2. Ohata, H, Kitauchi, S, Yoshimura, N, et al. Progression of chronic atrophic gastritis associated with Helicobacter pylori infection increases risk of gastric cancer. Int J Cancer, 2004;109;138-143.
    Pubmed
  3. Ohkura, R, Miwa, H, Murai, T, et al. Usefulness of a novel enzyme immunoassay for the detection of Helicobacter pylori in feces. Scand J Gastroenterol, 2000;35;49-53.
    Pubmed
  4. Oishi, Y, Kiyohara, Y, Kubo, M, et al. The serum pepsinogen test as a predictor of gastric cancer: the Hisayama Study. Am J Epidemiol, 2006;163;629-637.
    Pubmed
  5. Correa, P. Human gastric carcinogenesis: a multistep and multifactorial process--First American Cancer Society Award Lecture on Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. Cancer Res, 1992;52;6735-6740.
    Pubmed
  6. Miki, K, Morita, M, Sasajima, M, Hoshina, R, Kanda, E, Urita, Y. Usefulness of gastric cancer screening using the serum pepsinogen test method. Am J Gastroenterol, 2003;98;735-739.
    Pubmed
  7. Asaka, M, Kimura, T, Kudo, M, et al. Relationship of Helicobacter pylori to serum pepsinogens in an asymptomatic Japanese population. Gastroenterology, 1992;102;760-766.
    Pubmed
  8. Yamagata, H, Kiyohara, Y, Aoyagi, K, et al. Impact of Helicobacter pylori infection on gastric cancer incidence in a general Japanese population: the Hisayama study. Arch Intern Med, 2000;160;1962-1968.
    Pubmed
  9. Asaka, M, Kato, M, Kudo, M, et al. Atrophic changes of gastric mucosa are caused by Helicobacter pylori infection rather than aging: studies in asymptomatic Japanese adults. Helicobacter, 1996;1;52-56.
    Pubmed
  10. Sakaki, N, Momma, K, Egawa, N, Yamada, Y, Kan, T, Ishiwata, J. The influence of Helicobacter pylori infection on the progression of gastric mucosal atrophy and occurrence of gastric cancer. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 1995;7;S59-S62.
    Pubmed
  11. Sakaki, N, Kozawa, H, Egawa, N, Tu, Y, Sanaka, M. Ten-year prospective follow-up study on the relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and progression of atrophic gastritis, particularly assessed by endoscopic findings. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2002;16;198-203.
    Pubmed
  12. Asaka, M, Sugiyama, T, Nobuta, A, Kato, M, Takeda, H, Graham, DY. Atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia in Japan: results of a large multicenter study. Helicobacter, 2001;6;294-299.
    Pubmed
  13. Asaka, M, Kato, M, Kudo, M, et al. Relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection, atrophic gastritis and gastric carcinoma in a Japanese population. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 1995;7;S7-S10.
    Pubmed
  14. Hamashima, C, Shibuya, D, Yamazaki, H, et al. The Japanese guidelines for gastric cancer screening. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2008;38;259-267.
    Pubmed
  15. Fukase, K, Kato, M, Kikuchi, S, et al. Effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori on incidence of metachronous gastric carcinoma after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer: an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2008;372;392-397.
    Pubmed

Article

Original Article

Gut Liver 2009; 3(2): 95-100

Published online June 30, 2009 https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl.2009.3.2.95

Copyright © Gut and Liver.

Prevalence of Subjects at a High or Very High Risk of Gastric Cancer in Japan

Miyoko Yamaoka, and Shigemi Nakajima*

Department of Healthcare, Social Insurance Shiga Hospital, Otsu, Japan.

Correspondence to: Shigemi Nakajima. Department of Healthcare, Social Insurance Shiga Hospital, 16-1 Fujimidai, Otsu, Shiga 520-0846, Japan. Tel: +81-77-537-3101, Fax: +81-77-534-0566, shigemin@rainbow.plala.or.jp

Received: August 29, 2008; Accepted: February 19, 2009

Abstract

Background/Aims

The presence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection represents a high-risk state of gastric cancer, but the risk is even higher in gastric atrophy. H. pylori stool antigen (HpSA) and serum pepsinogen (PG) tests are useful tools for screening present infection and gastric atrophy, respectively. To determine the prevalence of subjects at a high risk (HpSA+ or PG+) or very high risk (PG+) of gastric cancer in Japan, we applied the two tests to a general population.

Methods

The subjects included 311 volunteers. We used Meridian HpSA ELISA for the HpSA test and Pepsinogen RIA Beads for the PG test. PG I at ≤70 ?g/L and I/II ratio of ≤3.0 were used as cutoffs for PG-test positivity.

Results

Positivity rates in HpSA and PG tests significantly increased with age in those younger than 60 years and in all age groups, respectively. The proportions of HpSA-/PG- and HpSA+/PG+ sujects decreased and increased with age, respectively. A small proportion of HpSA-/PG+ subjects were older than 40 years. The prevalence of subjects who were either HpSA+ or PG+ increased with age (>50% of those older than 40 years). Half of the subjects older than 60 years were PG+.

Conclusions

In Japan, more than 50% of general population aged ≥40 years is at a high risk of gastric cancer, and half of the population aged ≥60 years is at a very high risk.

Keywords: Helicobacter pylori, Stool antigen, Pepsinogen, Gastric cancer screening, Epidemiology

INTRODUCTION

It is established that Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a high-risk state of gastric cancer,1,2 and it is important to screen high risk subjects for gastric cancer in general population by using a certain H. pylori test. Anti-H. pylori antibody test is widely used to screen H. pylori infection, but it demonstrates past infection as well as present infection. On the other hand, H. pylori stool antigen (HpSA) test predicts only present infection, and the test has a high sensitivity and specificity to screen present H. pylori infection.3

It is also established that gastric atrophy is a high risk state or a precursor lesion of gastric cancer.4,5 Serum pepsinogen (PG) test is a useful tool to screen gastric atrophy with or without endoscopic examination.6

Therefore, high-risk subjects for gastric cancer are recognized as those who have present H. pylori infection or gastric atrophy (HpSA+ or PG+), and very high risk subjects as those who have atrophy irrespective of present H. pylori infection (PG+).2

To make a good strategy to screen high-risk subjects for gastric cancer in a population which has a high prevalence of gastric cancer such as Japanese or Korean, we examined sex and age distributions of HpSA and PG tests in a Japanese population.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

1. Subjects

The subjects were 333 volunteers who visited Healthcare Center of Social Insurance Shiga Hospital to undergo both HpSA and PG tests at annual health check in 2004. Twenty-two volunteers, who had undergone H. pylori eradication, are under treatment for peptic ulcer, had undergone surgical operation for stomach, or had unknown medical history were excluded from the study.

2. HpSA and PG tests

We used Meridian HpSA ELISA (TFB Inc., Tokyo, Japan/Meridian Bioscience Inc., Cincinnati, OH, USA) to measure HpSA. Absorption was measured at 450/630 nm, and the results were evaluated as the followings. When ELISA value was 0.120 or above, the case was evaluated as HpSA-positive (HpSA+). When ELISA value was below 0.100, the case was evaluated as HpSA-negative (HpSA-). In case with intermediate result, the case was considered as indeterminate, and excluded from the study.

For serum PG I and II, we used Pepsinogen RIA Beads I and II (Abbott Japan Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The result of PG test was interpreted by the value of PG I and the ratio of PG I/II. The criteria for positive PG test were defined as the followings: both PG I was 70 µg/L or below, and PG I/II ratio was 3.0 or below.

3. Statistical analyses

Statistical analysis was performed using ystat2004.xls for Windows/Macintosh (Igaku Tosho Shuppan Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan). The Chi square test or Yates corrected Chi square test were used to compare the difference between sexes or age groups. Spearman's correlation test was used to evaluate correlations between age groups and positive rates of HpSA or PG tests. Significance was evaluated with p value below 0.05 in two-tailed examination.

4. Ethics

The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Social Insurance Shiga Hospital.

RESULTS

After exclusion of the subjects, 311 volunteers were included in the study. The study population is shown in Fig. 1. The age distribution of the study subjects was significantly different between sexes. Therefore the results were analyzed in each sex.

The results of HpSA test are shown in Fig. 2. There was significant difference in HpSA positivity between sexes in only 50s, but no difference in the other age groups. Positive rate of HpSA test increased with age in both sexes under 60s, but decreased in the older age in male whereas increased in female. Combined with both sexes, the positive rate of HpSA test significantly increased with age under 60s.

The results of PG test are shown in Fig. 3. The positive rate of PG test significantly increased with age in all age groups in both sexes. There was no significant difference in PG positivity between sexes. Combined with both sexes, the positive rate of PG test significantly increased with age in all age groups.

The results of combination with HpSA and PG tests are shown in Fig. 4. There was no significant difference in the proportion of the two test results between sexes in each age group. Combined with both sexes, the proportion of HpSA-/PG- subjects decreased with age. On the other hand, the proportion of HpSA+/PG+ subjects increased with age, whereas that of HpSA+/PG- subjects increased until 40s, but then decreased in 50s and older. A small proportion of HpSA-/PG+ subjects were detected in 40s and older. The prevalence of either HpSA+ or PG+ subjects increased with age. More than 50% subjects aged 40 or older are either HpSA+ or PG+, and nearly 50% subjects in 60-70s were PG+ (Fig. 4).

DISCUSSION

The present study showed that the positive rate of HpSA test increased with age in both male and female, except for 60-70s in male. This age-dependent increase of HpSA positive rate was similar to the tendency of the positive rate of serum anti-H. pylori antibody in a Japanese population reported by Asaka et al.7 in 1992. There was a small difference in HpSA positive rate between sexes in only 50s in our study. We can not evaluate if it is meaningful or not in the present study. It may be related to the male predominance of gastric diseases in 50s in Japanese.8 The fact that the rate of HpSA-positive test did not increase in 60-70s in male may be the similar tendency in Asaka's study in which the rate of antibody-positive subjects born before 1950 did not increase. Combined with both sexes, the positive rate of HpSA test significantly increased with age under 60s in our study. The positive rate of HpSA test in our study was approximately 60% in the subjects born before 1954 (50s or older), whereas the positive rate of H. pylori antibody in Asaka's study was 70-80% in the subjects born before 1950. Because serum antibody is detected in the subjects who have been eradicated, the rate of positive antibody test may be greater than that of positive HpSA test which shows present infection of H. pylori in the stomach. Thus our study indicated that the rate of present H. pylori infection increased with age and the rate of present infection in the subjects born before 1954 was approximately 60%. Although HpSA test shows present infection of H. pylori in the stomach, the test needs a measurable amount of H. pylori antigens in the stool. If there are only small amount of the bacteria in the stomach, the test could show a negative result. Therefore our results with HpSA test may be underestimated. This is one of the reasons why the positive rate of HpSA test in our study was lower than that of antibody test in Asaka's study.

Our study also showed that the positive rate of PG test increased with age in both male and female. There was no significant difference between sexes. The rate of positive PG test in male did increase in 60-70s, indicating that increasing PG positive tendency continued over 50s in spite that the rate of present H. pylori infection did not increase. In female the positive rates of HpSA and PG tests increased with age. Combined with both sexes, the positive rate of PG test increased with age. The positive rate of PG test increased later than the increase of the positive rate of HpSA test. Because PG test demonstrates gastric atrophy6 and atrophy develops in subjects who have long-term infection of H. pylori in the stomach,9-11 our results of HpSA and PG test are consistent with the facts.

In combination with both HpSA and PG tests, there was no significant difference between sexes in the proportion of the results of the two tests in each age group. Thus, combined with both sexes, the proportion of HpSA-/PG- subjects decreased with age. This compartment of the subjects reflects H. pylori-virgin subjects, indicating that younger people have less possibility of H. pylori infection in Japan. On the other hand the proportion of HpSA+/PG+ subjects increased with age. This compartment reflects H. pylori-infected subjects with gastric atrophy, indicating that gastric atrophy increased with age. HpSA+/PG- subjects increased until 40s, but then decreased in 50s and older. These tendencies of the two HpSA+ compartments reflect that gastric atrophy developed from HpSA+/PG- subjects to HpSA+/PG+ subjects, and a half of the 50s and the majority of the 60-70s subjects with H. pylori infection had gotten atrophy, respectively. A small proportion of HpSA-/PG+ subjects were detected in 40s and older. It is reported that long-term H. pylori infection causes gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia,12 and the amount of the bacteria decreases in the individuals who have a large amount of intestinal metaplasia in the stomach.13 Because intestinal metaplasia develops in parallel to the development of gastric atrophy,9 the appearance of HpSA-/PG+ subjects reflects that H. pylori had been rejected from the stomach or decreased below the measurable amount in some subjects in older ages due to progressed intestinal metaplasia with atrophy. It is reported that this compartment is the group that has the highest risk for gastric cancer,2 so that we should not neglect the individuals in this compartment. In screening high risk subjects for gastric cancer with only HpSA test, the individuals with the highest risk could not be trapped. Thus PG test should be combined with HpSA test for screening high risk subjects for gastric cancer.

If we classified either HpSA+ or PG+ subjects as high-risk subjects for gastric cancer, the prevalence of high-risk subjects increased with age, and more than 50% subjects aged 40s or older are at high risk in Japan. If we classified PG+ subjects as very high-risk subjects for gastric cancer, nearly 50% subjects in 60-70s are at very high-risk in Japan. The combination of HpSA and PG test is one of the choices for screening and classifying high risk subjects for gastric cancer.

However, in countries where the prevalence of H. pylori infection and gastric atrophy is high, such as in Japan, majority of the subjects in middle and high-aged populations show positive results by screening with the two tests. It may not be cost-effective to examine all the positive subjects with endoscopy. Therefore one more examination such as barium X-ray examination may be added for screening subjects who really need endoscopy.

Recently, four methods for gastric cancer screening, barium X-ray examination, endoscopy, serum pepsinogen testing and Helicobacter pylori antibody testing, were evaluated by a systematic review in Japan.14 According to the report, gastric cancer screening using barium X-ray examination is recommended for population-based screening, but the other methods were not recommended due to insufficient evidence. However, the report also suggested that the high-risk subjects for gastric cancer could be identified with combination of H. pylori antibody and serum PG tests.14 From the present study, by using HpSA and PG tests, we can also screen and identify those who are in high risk and very high risk for gastric cancer. Because eradication therapy is effective for prevention of gastric cancer in those who have atrophy in the stomach,15 and because HpSA test predicts current infection of H. pylori, this combination of HpSA and PG tests may give valuable information for eradication therapy to prevent gastric cancer.

Fig 1.

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Figure 1.Age and sex distributions of the study subjects. Age distribution of the study subjects differed significantly with sex (chi-square test, p=0.000274).
Gut and Liver 2009; 3: 95-100https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl.2009.3.2.95

Fig 2.

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Figure 2.Positive rate in the HpSA test for each sex (A) and across all subjects (B) according to age groups. HpSA positivity differed significantly with sex only in those aged 50-59 years (Yates' corrected chi-square test, p=0.034). The positive rate in the HpSA test was significantly correlated with age in males <60 years old and in all age groups in females (Spearman's correlation test: rs=1, p<0.0001). The positive rate in the HpSA test was significantly correlated with age in combined males and females younger than 60 years (Spearman's correlation test: rs=1, p<0.0001).
Gut and Liver 2009; 3: 95-100https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl.2009.3.2.95

Fig 3.

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Figure 3.Positive rate in the PG test for each sex (A) and across all subjects (B) according to age groups. PG positivity did not differ significantly with sex (Yates' corrected chi-square test). PG positivity was significantly correlated with age for each sex (A) and across all subjects (B) (Spearman's correlation test: rs=1, p<0.0001).
Gut and Liver 2009; 3: 95-100https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl.2009.3.2.95

Fig 4.

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Figure 4.Proportion of the results of HpSA and PG tests for males (A), females (B) and all subjects (C) according to age groups. The proportion of the two test results did not differ significantly with sex in each age group (Yates' corrected chi-square test).
Gut and Liver 2009; 3: 95-100https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl.2009.3.2.95

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Gut and Liver

Vol.16 No.5
September, 2022

Frequency : Quarterly

pISSN 1976-2283
eISSN 2005-1212

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