Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease that has a chronic relapsing-remitting disease course. The prevalence of UC has been increasing over the decades all over the world. Although the exact etiology has not been elucidated, immunologic, genetic, and environmental factors are known to be associated with the pathophysiology of UC.^1-3

For the management of UC, the cornerstones of medical treatment have been 5-aminosalicylic acids, various forms of corticosteroids, and immunomodulators such as azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine.^4-8 Since a few decades ago, anti-tumor necrosis factor α (anti-TNF-α) agents have been used to control UC in patients who are refractory to conventional treatments. Many studies have proved the effectiveness and safety of anti-TNF-α agents in managing UC, and thus they have become a valuable treatment option to spare patients from exposure to corticosteroids that are related to serious side effects. Recently, the timing of anti-TNF-α therapy has been getting earlier, and they are sometimes used very early for patients with acute severe UC.^9,10

Besides infliximab, the commonly used biologic and small molecule agents for UC include adalimumab, golimumab, vedolizumab, ustekinumab, and tofacitinib. Recent studies have ascertained the effectiveness and safety of these new classes of medications in Asian patients.^11-16 Their different biologic mechanisms and, most importantly, side effects are not well-known because of their relatively short period of time since development.^16,17 Among them, golimumab belongs to a relatively new class of anti-TNF-α agents (a fully human antibody to TNF-α). It was investigated in the PURSUIT trial and has been prescribed for UC since 2013, although it had been used to manage various kinds of rheumatologic diseases.^18-23 Golimumab has been proved effective in patients with UC, but there are not enough studies addressing its effect on patients who failed with conventional treatments such as 5-aminosalicylic acids, immunomodulators, steroids, and even other anti-TNF-α agents.²⁴ Moreover, the effectiveness and safety of golimumab in patients with UC are mainly assessed in Western countries; its effectiveness and side effects for patients with UC in Asian countries are limited.^25-28 Because golimumab has already been used in many Asian countries, it is necessary to evaluate its effectiveness and safety in a well-designed prospective study considering different drug responsiveness and disease characteristics among different ethnic groups. In this study, we prospectively evaluated the effectiveness and safety of golimumab in Korean patients with moderate-to-severe UC.

1. Study design

This was a multicenter, prospective, postmarketing surveillance trial. We enrolled adult patients with moderately to severely active UC who have had an inadequate response or were intolerant to prior conventional treatments such as 5-aminosalicylic acids, corticosteroids, or immunomodulators. Golimumab 200 mg subcutaneous (SC) injections were given on the first day of induction, followed by 100 mg SC injection 2 weeks later. Then, the patients received 100 mg SC injection every 4 weeks. The primary objective was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety profiles in patients with UC who were administered with golimumab at week 22. Effectiveness and safety were evaluated at weeks 2, 6, 14, and 22. The patients were analyzed for sex, age, height, weight, disease duration, Mayo score (full or partial if endoscopic results were not available), and concomitant medications to control UC at the time of enrollment. They were also investigated for adverse events (AEs) and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) during treatment with golimumab.

2. Ethical considerations

This study was performed in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki, and it was approved by the institutional review boards of all participating hospitals, including the Chung-Ang University Hospital (IRB number: C2016002). All patients agreed and signed their informed consents.

3. Assessment of clinical outcomes

In this study, clinical outcomes were assessed using Mayo scores (full or partial if endoscopic results were not available) measured by gastroenterologists at 46 medical centers in South Korea.

To assess the effectiveness of golimumab, partial Mayo (pMayo) score was measured at study entry and weeks 2, 6, 14, and 22. Effectiveness was evaluated in all patients who completed effectiveness assessments at baseline and at least once afterward. Clinical response was defined as a decrease from baseline in pMayo score by at least 2 points (full Mayo of at least 3 points) and at least 30% with an accompanying decrease in rectal bleeding subscore of at least 1 point or an absolute rectal bleeding subscore of 0 or 1 point. Clinical remission was defined as a pMayo score of 0 or 1 point (full Mayo score of 2 points or lower with a maximum of 1 in any of the subscores). Mucosal healing rate was defined as Mayo endoscopic subscore of 0 and 1. Last observation carried forward imputation methods were used when follow-up data were missed.

Corticosteroid-free clinical response and remission were defined when clinical response and remission were achieved without corticosteroids at the time points of weeks 6, 14, 22 for the patients who did not receive corticosteroids during study period.

4. Safety evaluation

Safety was evaluated in patients who received golimumab at least once and underwent safety follow-up at least once. AEs were assessed by physical examination and routine questioning, with a follow-up of all patients to record all the AEs. The AEs were categorized by System Organ Class and Preferred Term using the terms provided in the Precautions for Use of golimumab and the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities version 22.0.²⁹ The causal relationship between an AE and golimumab was assessed by the investigator into six categories: certain, probable/likely, possible, unlikely, conditional/unclassified, and unassessable/unclassifiable. In our study, all AEs not considered “unlikely” to be associated with golimumab were termed ADRs. Severity was assessed using the common categorical terms (mild, moderate, and severe). The ADRs not documented in the approved label information of golimumab was considered unexpected ADRs.

5. Statistical analysis

Descriptive statistics for continuous variables are presented as means with standard deviation or median (interquartile range) and dichotomous variables are presented as frequencies with percentages in parentheses. Patient characteristics, medical history, comorbidity, medication uses and AEs were summarized by descriptive statistics. We used, where appropriate, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for change in pMayo score from baseline at each visit with missing data imputation with last observation carried forward method. In addition, multiple logistic regression analyses were used, as appropriate, to assess the adjusted effect of each clinical characteristic (sex, age at enrollment, age at diagnosis, disease duration, pMayo score at baseline, full Mayo score at baseline, Mayo endoscopy subscore at baseline (severe/moderate), prior biologic use, concomitant corticosteroid use, and concomitant immunomodulator use) on clinical response, remission and incidence of AEs. Analyses were performed using two-sided and p-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Analyses were performed using statistical software package SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).

1. Baseline patient characteristics

A total of 133 patients with moderate-to-severe UC were prospectively enrolled from 46 teaching hospitals between May 23, 2014, and November 22, 2019. Among them, 130 patients were included in the safety analysis, while 109 patients were included in the effectiveness analysis. Seventy-one patients completed effectiveness assessments during regular visits for 22 weeks.

Of the 130 patients in total, 90 (69.2%) were male and 40 (30.8%) were female, and their mean age was 45.7±16.0 years. The mean age at the diagnosis of UC was 40.0±15.4 years, and the median disease duration since diagnosis at the time of enrollment was 3.9 years (range, 1.5 to 8.0 years) (Table 1). Ninety-two patients (70.8%) had colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy at baseline, with the most common finding being moderate disease activity (Mayo endoscopic subscore 2) in 58 patients (63.0%), followed by severe disease activity (Mayo endoscopic subscore 3) in 30 patients (32.6%). The most common form of comorbidity was latent tuberculosis (TB), which was present in 14 patients (21.5%), and all of them received standard treatment for latent TB before the first dose of golimumab. Although 41 patients (33.6%) received systemic corticosteroids at baseline, 26 patients (63.4%) could discontinue the systemic corticosteroids after treatment with golimumab within the median duration of 33 days (interquartile range, 15 to 45 days).

Table 1 . Baseline Patient Characteristics.

Characteristics	Value (n=130)
Male sex	90 (69.2)
BMI, kg/m2	22.3±2.9
Age at study enrollment, yr	45.7±16.0
Age at diagnosis, yr	40.0±15.4
Disease duration, yr*	3.9 (1.5–8.0)
Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy findings	92 (70.8)
Mild (Mayo endoscopic score 1)	4 (4.4)
Moderate (Mayo endoscopic score 2)	58 (63.0)
Severe (Mayo endoscopic score 3)	30 (32.6)
Full Mayo score (n=90) at study enrollment	8 (4–12)
Partial Mayo score (n=126) at study enrollment	6 (1–9)
Prior UC medications within 12 wk of study enrollment†	119 (91.5)
5-ASA	114 (95.8)
Systemic corticosteroids	39 (32.8)
Immunomodulators	51 (42.9)
Biologics	18 (15.1)
Concurrent UC medications used with golimumab†	122 (93.9)
5-ASA	117 (95.9)
Systemic corticosteroids	41 (33.6)
Immunomodulators	53 (43.4)
Previous medical histories	65 (50.0)
Latent tuberculosis	14 (21.5)
Pulmonary tuberculosis	1 (1.5)
Malignancies	5 (7.5)
Chronic hepatitis B	3 (4.6)
Others‡	42 (32.3)

Data are presented as number (%), mean±SD, or median (interquartile range)..

BMI, body mass index; UC, ulcerative colitis; 5-ASA, 5-aminosalicylic acid..

*From the date of initial diagnosis to the date of first dose of subcutaneous golimumab; ^†5-ASA: mesalazine, balsalazide, sulfasalazine; Immunomodulators: azathioprine, mercaptopurine, methotrexate; Systemic steroids: prednisolone, methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone; Biologics: infliximab, adalimumab, vedolizumab; ^‡Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, psoriasis, etc..

2. Effectiveness of golimumab

In our study, the retention probability of golimumab was 74.8% at week 22 (95% confidence interval [CI], 67.5% to 82.9%) (Fig. 1). The study was prematurely discontinued in 49 patients (Table 2) due to lack of effectiveness (21 patients, 16.2%), loss to follow-up (seven patients, 5.4%), economic reason (one patient, 0.8%), AEs (four patients, 3.1%), and so on. The clinical response and remission rates were analyzed in 109 patients who completed effectiveness assessments at baseline and at least once afterward. The median pMayo score was 6 (range, 5 to 7) at baseline, 4 (range, 2 to 6) at week 2, 3 (range, 2 to 6) at week 6, 2 (range, 1 to 4) at week 14, and 2 (range, 1 to 4) at week 22. The pMayo score decreased significantly (p<0.001) from baseline at each follow-up point. The clinical response rates of the 109 patients at weeks 2, 6, 14, and 22 were 40.4% (95% CI, 31.1% to 50.2%), 56.0% (95% CI, 46.1% to 65.5%), 70.6% (95% CI, 61.2% to 79.0%), and 67.9% (95% CI, 58.3% to 76.5%), respectively (Fig. 2). The clinical remission rates at weeks 2, 6, 14, and 22 were 22.9% (95% CI, 15.4% to 32.0%), 35.8% (95% CI, 26.8% to 45.5%), 49.5% (95% CI, 39.8% to 59.3%), and 48.6% (95% CI, 38.9% to 58.4%), respectively (Fig. 2).

Table 2 . Reasons for Study Discontinuation.

Category*	No. (%) (n=130)
Lack of effectiveness	21 (16.2)
Loss to follow-up	7 (5.4)
Adverse events	4 (3.1)
Sufficient effectiveness	1 (0.8)
Economic causes	1 (0.8)
Patient decision	5 (3.8)
Others	10 (7.7)
Termination of study	9 (6.9)
Investigator's leave	1 (0.8)

*Category of the churn event: study discontinuation due to patients’ decision, lack of effectiveness, economic cause, or adverse events; others were considered as censored data..

Figure 1. Drug survival rate during the study.
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Figure 2. Clinical response rate (A) and clinical remission rate (B) by visit.

Full Mayo score was available in 38 patients (34.9%) at week 14 (Fig. 3), with a median full Mayo score of 3 (interquartile range, 2 to 4). Mucosal healing at week 14 was achieved in 25 patients (65.8%; 95% CI, 48.7% to 80.4%). Endoscopic data was available in seven patients at week 22 with mucosa healing rate and complete mucosa healing rate of 71.4% (5/7) and 14.3% (1/7), respectively. Based only on the full Mayo score at week 14, the clinical response rate was 84.2% (95% CI, 68.8% to 94.0%), and the clinical remission rate was 39.5% (95% CI, 24.0% to 56.6%) (Fig. 3).

Figure 3. Clinical outcomes by full Mayo score at week 14.

Corticosteroid-free clinical response and remission rates in 74 patients who have not received corticosteroids during the study period were 55.4%, 35.1% at week 6, 68.9%, 47.3% at week 14, and 63.5%, 45.9% at week 22, respectively.

3. Clinical outcomes by univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses

On multivariate analysis with logistic regression for clinical response, longer disease duration was significantly associated with higher clinical response rate both at week 6 and week 22 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.136; 95% CI, 1.006 to 1.282; p=0.040 at week 6; aOR, 1.256; 95% CI, 1.049 to 1.503; p=0.013 at week 22, respectively) (Table 3). In addition, a higher baseline Mayo endoscopic subscore (severe degree to moderate degree) was associated with a significantly lower clinical response rate at week 6 (aOR, 0.248; 95% CI, 0.089 to 0.692, p=0.008 at week 6) (Table 3). On multivariate analysis with logistic regression for clinical remission, a higher baseline Mayo endoscopic subscore (severe degree to moderate degree) was associated with a significantly lower clinical remission rate only at week 6 (aOR, 0.334; 95% CI, 0.111 to 1.001; p=0.050) (Table 4). Fourteen out of the 109 patients had a history of prior biologics use (12.8%). There was no significant relationship between prior biologics use and clinical response or remission rate in this study (Fig. 2).

Table 3 . Logistic Regression Analysis for Clinical Response at Weeks 6 and 22.

Variable	Week 6						Week 22
	Univariable analysis			Multiple analysis			Univariable analysis			Multiple analysis
	OR (95% CI)	p-value		OR (95% CI)	p-value		OR (95% CI)	p-value		OR (95% CI)	p-value
Sex (female/male)	0.648 (0.285–1.475)	0.301		-	-		1.127 (0.466–2.727)	0.790		-	-
Age at study enrollment	1.008 (0.984–1.032)	0.534		-	-		1.020 (0.993–1.047)	0.144		1.006 (0.968–1.046)	0.756
Age at diagnosis	0.999 (0.974–1.025)	0.959		-	-		1.006 (0.979–1.034)	0.657		-	-
Disease duration	1.079 (0.997–1.168)	0.058		1.136 (1.006–1.282)	0.040		1.176 (1.048–1.320)	0.006		1.256 (1.049–1.503)	0.013
Prior biologics use	1.056 (0.340–3.281)	0.924		-	-		1.211 (0.352–4.169)	0.762		-	-
Concomitant steroid	1.073 (0.477–2.415)	0.865		-	-		1.939 (0.773–4.865)	0.158		1.554 (0.498–4.854)	0.448
Concomitant immunomodulator	1.134 (0.525–2.448)	0.749		-	-		1.289 (0.565–2.944)	0.546		-	-
Partial Mayo score at baseline	1.162 (0.889–1.519)	0.271		-	-		1.170 (0.884–1.549)	0.273		-	-
Full Mayo score at baseline	0.966 (0.731–1.277)	0.811		-	-		1.024 (0.755–1.389)	0.879		-	-
Mayo endoscopy score at baseline (severe/moderate)*	0.279 (0.105–0.739)	0.010		0.248 (0.089–0.692)	0.008		0.510 (0.185–1.404)	0.193		0.426 (0.141–1.294)	0.132

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval..

*Due to the small number of subjects who had a mild Mayo endoscopy score at baseline, these subjects were excluded from the logistic regression; Variables with p-values <0.2 in univariable analysis were used for multivariate analysis..

Table 4 . Logistic Regression Analysis of Clinical Remission at Weeks 6 and 22.

Variable	Week 6						Week 22
	Univariable analysis			Multiple analysis			Univariable analysis			Multiple analysis
	OR (95% CI)	p-value		OR (95% CI)	p-value		OR (95% CI)	p-value		OR (95% CI)	p-value
Sex (female/male)	1.037 (0.443–2.428)	0.933		-	-		1.676 (0.735–3.826)	0.220		-	-
Age	1.013 (0.987–1.038)	0.331		-	-		1.016 (0.992–1.041)	0.188		1.008 (0.976–1.040)	0.641
Age at diagnosis	1.006 (0.980–1.033)	0.635		-	-		1.004 (0.979–1.030)	0.747		-	-
Disease duration	1.057 (0.986–1.133)	0.116		1.076 (0.973–1.190)	0.151		1.123 (1.032–1.223)	0.007		1.105 (0.995–1.228)	0.063
Prior biologics use	0.997 (0.309–3.214)	0.996		-	-		0.766 (0.247–2.377)	0.644		-	-
Concomitant steroid	1.091 (0.473–2.515)	0.838		-	-		1.397 (0.623–3.131)	0.417		-	-
Concomitant immunomodulator	0.833 (0.374–1.855)	0.655		-	-		1.018 (0.475–2.184)	0.963		-	-
Partial Mayo score at baseline	0.814 (0.616–1.074)	0.146		0.926 (0.645–1.328)	0.675		0.947 (0.728–1.231)	0.684		-	-
Full Mayo score at baseline	0.759 (0.562–1.024)	0.071		-	-		0.942 (0.716–1.239)	0.667		-	-
Mayo endoscopy score at baseline (severe/moderate)*	0.333 (0.116–0.961)	0.042		0.334 (0.111–1.001)	0.050		0.736 (0.290–1.871)	0.520		-	-

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval..

*Due to the small number of subjects who had a mild Mayo endoscopy score at baseline, these subjects were excluded from the logistic regression; Variables with p-values <0.2 in univariable analysis were used for multivariate analysis..

The patients who achieved clinical response or remission at week 6 were more likely to maintain clinical response or remission at week 14 and week 22 than the patients who could not achieve (for clinical response, 98.4% vs 35.4%, p<0.001 at week 14 and 90.2% vs 39.6%, p<0.001 at week 22; for clinical remission, 97.4% vs 22.9%, p<0.001 at week 14 and 92.3% vs 24.3%, p<0.001 at week 22).

4. Safety of golimumab

Overall, 43 AEs were reported in 28 patients, with 21.5% of 130 patients experiencing at least one AE (Table 5). The most frequently reported AEs by System Organ Class were gastrointestinal disorders (8.5%; 11/130 subjects, 13 events), followed by infections and infestations (7.6%; 10/130 patients, 13 events), and respiratory, thoracic, mediastinal disorders (2.3%; 3/130 patients, three events). The incidence of ADRs was 4.6% (6/130 patients, nine events; one event of mild abdominal pain, two events of mild anemia, one event of mild allergic rhinitis, one event of mild palpitation, one event of mild anal hemorrhage, one event of mild pyrexia, one event of mild TB, and one event of moderate pneumonia), with serious ADRs in 0.8% (1/130 patients, two events; pneumonia and TB) (Table 5). One patient aged 55 years developed active TB and permanently discontinued with golimumab treatment without recovery until study completion; this was evaluated as probable/likely association with golimumab as one of ADRs, but not as an unexpected event. All other eight ADRs were not required additional action on golimumab treatment. Serious unexpected ADRs and deaths were not reported during the study period. There were no significant factors associated with AEs (Table 6).

Table 5 . Summary Incidence of Adverse Events and Adverse Drug Reactions.

Summary	No. of patients (%)	No. of events
No. of patients in the safety set	130
AEs	28 (21.5)	43
Most frequent AEs by organ system (≥2% of all patients)
Gastrointestinal disorders	11 (8.5)	13
Infections and infestations	10 (7.6)	13
Respiratory, thoracic, and mediastinal disorders	3 (2.3)	3
ADRs by preferred term	6 (4.6)	9
Anemia	2 (1.5)	2
Abdominal pain*	1 (0.8)	1
Allergic rhinitis*	1 (0.8)	1
Anal hemorrhage*	1 (0.8)	1
Palpitation*	1 (0.8)	1
Pneumonia	1 (0.8)	1
Pyrexia	1 (0.8)	1
Tuberculosis	1 (0.8)	1

AEs, adverse events; ADRs, adverse drug reactions..

*Unexpected AEs..

Table 6 . Logistic Regression Analysis for Adverse Drug Events.

Variable	Univariable analysis
	OR (95% CI)	p-value
Sex (female/male)	1.333 (0.552–3.223)	0.523
Age	1.013 (0.987–1.040)	0.333
Age at diagnosis	1.014 (0.986–1.041)	0.331
Disease duration	1.007 (0.935–1.084)	0.859
Prior biologics use	0.446 (0.096–2.079)	0.304
Concomitant steroid	1.553 (0.651–3.706)	0.321
Concomitant immunomodulator	1.116 (0.479–2.602)	0.780
Partial Mayo score at baseline	0.801 (0.592–1.083)	0.150
Full Mayo score at baseline	0.800 (0.559–1.146)	0.224
Mayo endoscopy score at baseline (severe/moderate)*	1.980 (0.674–5.813)	0.214

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval..

*Due to the small number of subjects who had a mild Mayo endoscopy score at baseline, these subjects were excluded from the logistic regression; variables with p-values <0.2 in univariable analysis were used for multivariate analysis..

Since the introduction of biologics for the management of IBD, their role in the treatment of UC has steadily increased. Among anti-TNF-α agents, golimumab has been considered as one of the most common biologics to treat UC since 2013 due to the easily accessible administration route (SC) and relatively long injection intervals. As there have been few reports about the effectiveness and safety of golimumab in Asian patients, we followed 133 patients with moderate-to-severe UC of about 5 years in 46 teaching hospitals in South Korea to evaluate them in real world.³⁰

Our study demonstrated the effectiveness of golimumab in Korean patients with moderate-to-severe UC that was consistent with previous studies.^19,25,31,32 After induction dosage regimen of golimumab, more than half of the patients (56%) achieved clinical response at week 6, and more than two-thirds of the patients (67.9%) achieved clinical response at week 22. Of note, about half of the patients achieved clinical remission after week 14 (49.5% at week 14 and 48.6% at week 22). Clinical response and remission rates were similar or even higher compared to other studies.^19,25,31,32 Golimumab is known to reach peak serum concentrations in 2 to 6 days, obtaining steady drug levels after 14 weeks of treatment.²⁵ In alignment with this result, clinical outcomes on full Mayo score were plateaued after week 14, and the findings were consistent in other studies (clinical response rate, 84.2%; mucosal healing rate, 65.8%; clinical remission rate, 39.5%) (Fig. 3).^{26,28,31,33,34}

An unexpected observation was that longer disease duration was associated with better clinical response both at week 6 and week 22 (Table 3). The median duration of the disease since diagnosis was 3.9 years (interquartile range, 1.5 to 8.0 years), which is relatively shorter than previous studies.^25,31 In the past, anti-TNF-α agents were not considered as initial treatment options but, recently, these agents were used earlier based on top-down approach. Golimumab appeared in the market after infliximab and adalimumab and relatively shorter disease duration in this study could be reflected in this real-world practice. Although shorter disease duration was known to be related with better clinical outcomes in previous studies, in this study, contrary results were found in multiple logistic regression model. In addition, disease duration was significantly related with clinical response but not with clinical remission in our study. This unexpected study finding might be possibly caused by other unrevealed factors such as previous treatment failures although detailed data could not be collected due to the limitation of real-world observational study. Dulai et al.³⁵ also reported that longer disease duration was revealed as one of significant predictors of corticosteroid-free clinical remission, regardless of previous exposure with anti-TNF-α. We need further well-designed prospective studies with bias control to prove this interesting finding.

On the other hand, the endoscopic activity at baseline seems to be considered as clinical factor to affect clinical outcomes of golimumab; severe versus moderate endoscopic activity was significantly associated with a lower clinical response rate only at week 6 but not at week 22 (Tables 3, 4). This result based on the baseline endoscopic Mayo subscore was similar to the previous study.²⁸ For clinical remission, similarly, severe baseline endoscopic activity was associated with a poorer clinical remission rate only at week 6. In other words, objective severe baseline endoscopic findings might predict a poor clinical response rate and a lower clinical remission rate only in short-term follow-up, not in mid-term follow-up. However, 6 weeks are not long enough to predict satisfactory effectiveness of golimumab especially in patients with severe endoscopic activity, which suggests more time is required to have maximal effectiveness of this drug. In addition, the patients with severe baseline endoscopic activity might show slower improvement of clinical symptoms assessed by pMayo score. We need more studies to prove the association between baseline endoscopic activity and prognosis. Of interest, the patients who achieved clinical response or remission at week 6 (early responder) persistently maintained higher clinical response and remission rates (more than 90% for both) at follow-up, consistent with previous studies.^26,27

Although some studies found that golimumab was more effective in anti-TNF-naïve patients, there was no significant difference between anti-TNF-naïve and anti-TNF-experienced groups in our study.²⁴ It might be caused from the limited number of patients with prior biologic use (n=14) compared to the patients without biologic experience (n=95). Additionally, previous anti-TNF exposure was not significantly associated with golimumab persistence in a previous study (n=136, median duration of 530 days, anti-TNF-naïve vs prior anti-TNF experience, p=0.71).³⁶ We need further studies to elucidate the possible effects of prior biologic use on clinical outcomes when using additional biologic agents.

In our study, about 60% of patients could maintain clinical response without corticosteroids during the follow-up period. This steroid sparing effect of golimumab was similar to or higher than previous studies.^25,31

As for safety evaluation, there were 15 patients (11.5%) with a history of TB (latent TB in 14 patients, pulmonary TB in one patient) and five patients with a history of cancer. All 14 patients with a history of latent TB completed standard treatment for the latent TB before initiating golimumab. Golimumab was discontinued only in one case because of active pulmonary TB that might be related to the side effects of golimumab. It is well known that anti-TNF-α agents increase the risk of reactivation of TB.^37-39 Out of the 133 patients including 15 patients with a history of latent or active TB in our study, only one patient developed TB reactivation during the follow-up. Although long-term follow-up data are needed, this finding is concordant with previous finding that active surveillance and treatment for latent TB are required during anti-TNF-α treatment.⁴⁰ The patients with a history of cancer showed no cancer recurrence during this study period.

This study was a multicenter, prospective, observational study without a control group to which the effectiveness of SC golimumab could be compared. Although plateaued drug effect seems to be maintained after week 14, follow-up period of 22 weeks was not long enough to evaluate long-term drug effectiveness such as longevity, durability and safety issues such as severe infection, increased risk of cancer or TB. We set the time point of primary outcomes as “week 22” in consideration of both golimumab administration schedule and insurance issues in South Korea. Though longer-term follow-up data are necessary to evaluate the long-term effectiveness, safety, and adverse effects of maintenance treatment with golimumab, it is difficult to continue uncontrolled postmarketing surveillance study in real clinical practice. Because of potential selection bias derived from the prematurely discontinued patients (n=49), caution should be exercised when interpreting the significant findings of this study. Additionally, in this observational study, considerable data might be lost because they were not collected mandatorily. For example, in endoscopic data collection, there might be missing data without central review. Furthermore, the extent of disease on endoscopy (Montreal classification) could not be assessed for the patients who had underwent endoscopy (full colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy). Disease extent are known to affect prognosis and assessing disease extent would have helped estimate the effectiveness of golimumab. Lastly, serum and fecal inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and fecal calprotectin, were not examined. In spite of a few limitations, this study is still valuable in aspect of demonstrating the effectiveness and safety of golimumab in real-world clinical practice in South Korea for the first time. The findings in this study are consistent with previous randomized controlled trials and other observational studies. The study findings in this study might provide supportive information to accumulate real-world evidence of golimumab throughout the world.

In conclusion, golimumab showed its effectiveness and safety in both the induction and maintenance phases for Korean patients with moderate-to-severe UC. The early clinical outcomes were better in patients with less severe endoscopic activity at baseline.

This study was funded and supported by Janssen Korea Ltd.

B.D.Y. has received a research grant from Celltrion and Pfizer Korea; consulting fees from Abbvie Korea, Celltrion, Chong Kun Dang Pharm., CJ Red BIO, Daewoong Pharma., Ferring Korea, Janssen Korea, Kangstem Biotech, Medtronic Korea, Pfizer Korea, Shire Korea, Takeda Korea, IQVIA, Cornerstones Health, and Takeda; speaking fees from Abbvie Korea, Celltrion, Ferring Korea, Janssen Korea, Pfizer Korea, Shire Korea, Takeda Korea, Takeda and IQVIA. Y.K. and S.Y.J. are full-time employees of Janssen Korea. No other potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.

Conceptualization: S.J.P., C.H.C. Data collection and analysis: J.Y., S.J.P., H.W.K., Y.J.L., J.P., J.M.C., B.D.Y., T.O.K., H.S.K., H.S.L., Y.K., C.H.C. Statistical analysis: Y.K., S.Y.J. Analyzing and approval of manuscript: J.Y., S.J.P., C.H.C. Preparation the manuscript for the final submission: J.Y., S.J.P., C.H.C. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.