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Gut and Liver is an international journal of gastroenterology, focusing on the gastrointestinal tract, liver, biliary tree, pancreas, motility, and neurogastroenterology. Gut atnd Liver delivers up-to-date, authoritative papers on both clinical and research-based topics in gastroenterology. The Journal publishes original articles, case reports, brief communications, letters to the editor and invited review articles in the field of gastroenterology. The Journal is operated by internationally renowned editorial boards and designed to provide a global opportunity to promote academic developments in the field of gastroenterology and hepatology. +MORE
| Yong Chan Lee |
Professor of Medicine Director, Gastrointestinal Research Laboratory Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Univ. California San Francisco San Francisco, USA |
| Jong Pil Im | Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea |
| Robert S. Bresalier | University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA |
| Steven H. Itzkowitz | Mount Sinai Medical Center, NY, USA |
All papers submitted to Gut and Liver are reviewed by the editorial team before being sent out for an external peer review to rule out papers that have low priority, insufficient originality, scientific flaws, or the absence of a message of importance to the readers of the Journal. A decision about these papers will usually be made within two or three weeks.
The remaining articles are usually sent to two reviewers. It would be very helpful if you could suggest a selection of reviewers and include their contact details. We may not always use the reviewers you recommend, but suggesting reviewers will make our reviewer database much richer; in the end, everyone will benefit. We reserve the right to return manuscripts in which no reviewers are suggested.
The final responsibility for the decision to accept or reject lies with the editors. In many cases, papers may be rejected despite favorable reviews because of editorial policy or a lack of space. The editor retains the right to determine publication priorities, the style of the paper, and to request, if necessary, that the material submitted be shortened for publication.
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Chansu Lee1, Sung Noh Hong2
Correspondence to: Sung Noh Hong, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea, Tel: +82-2-3410-3409, Fax: +82-2-3410-6983, E-mail: gisnhong@gmail.com
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Gut Liver 2016;10(6):865-866. https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl16438
Published online November 15, 2016, Published date November 15, 2016
Copyright © Gut and Liver.
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are among the most widely sold medications in the world and are generally considered safe. PPIs are frequently prescribed or taken for long periods without evidence-based indication.1 However, long-term use of PPIs has not been studied in depth, and several side effects have recently been identified, including an increased risk of enteric infections such as small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and
Through the fecal microbiome analysis of 1,815 individuals spanning three cohorts, PPI use was associated with decreased bacterial richness and profound changes in the gut microbiome.5 Oral bacteria and potential pathogenic bacteria were increased in the feces of PPI users. In addition, the alterations of fecal microbiota in PPI users were more prominent than individuals who had used antibiotics or other drugs.5 A recently published, large, healthy twin cohort study identified significant associations between the composition of gut microbiota in feces and PPI use.6
The best way to confirm that long-term PPI use altered gut microbiota composition is to conduct double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trials; however, this study may not be feasible due to ethical concerns. Animal models should be investigated to determine the impact of long-term PPI therapy on gut microbiota and to set up preclinical trials to resolve the problem associated with long-term PPI therapy.
Until recently, few studies have confirmed the effects of long-term PPI treatment on the gut microbiota in animal models.7 In this issue of
In addition, this study suggested a new correlation between the alteration of small intestinal microbiota and changes in body weight in long-term PPI-treated animal models. PPIs induce strong acid suppression in the stomach to treat upper gastrointestinal ulcerative lesions, including reflux esophagitis, which results in symptom-related food abstinence. PPI therapy promotes patients’ weight gain. However, it was reported that PPI treatment induced weight loss in patients who had already had bariatric surgery.9 Previous mouse and human studies have associated
Although the animal models are a different size and have different physiologies compared to humans, the role of animal models is to gain preclinical data of the responses and safety of interventions. Alteration of gut microbiome may be controlled using probiotics and/or prebiotics in the near future. The changes in gut microbiome due to PPI depend on the species and intestinal sampling site. Shin and colleagues established the rodent model for long-term PPI use and this model is thought be applicable to further preclinical trials to alleviate the adverse effects of long-term PPI use. Fecal microbiota transplantation may be another promising therapy for controlling gut microbiota.
To date, microbiota changes in terminal ileum due to PPI administration may be summarized as an increase in
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
This research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIP) (number: 2014R1A2A11052136).
Gut and Liver 2016; 10(6): 865-866
Published online November 15, 2016 https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl16438
Copyright © Gut and Liver.
Chansu Lee1, Sung Noh Hong2
1Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea, 2Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Correspondence to: Sung Noh Hong, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea, Tel: +82-2-3410-3409, Fax: +82-2-3410-6983, E-mail: gisnhong@gmail.com
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are among the most widely sold medications in the world and are generally considered safe. PPIs are frequently prescribed or taken for long periods without evidence-based indication.1 However, long-term use of PPIs has not been studied in depth, and several side effects have recently been identified, including an increased risk of enteric infections such as small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and
Through the fecal microbiome analysis of 1,815 individuals spanning three cohorts, PPI use was associated with decreased bacterial richness and profound changes in the gut microbiome.5 Oral bacteria and potential pathogenic bacteria were increased in the feces of PPI users. In addition, the alterations of fecal microbiota in PPI users were more prominent than individuals who had used antibiotics or other drugs.5 A recently published, large, healthy twin cohort study identified significant associations between the composition of gut microbiota in feces and PPI use.6
The best way to confirm that long-term PPI use altered gut microbiota composition is to conduct double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trials; however, this study may not be feasible due to ethical concerns. Animal models should be investigated to determine the impact of long-term PPI therapy on gut microbiota and to set up preclinical trials to resolve the problem associated with long-term PPI therapy.
Until recently, few studies have confirmed the effects of long-term PPI treatment on the gut microbiota in animal models.7 In this issue of
In addition, this study suggested a new correlation between the alteration of small intestinal microbiota and changes in body weight in long-term PPI-treated animal models. PPIs induce strong acid suppression in the stomach to treat upper gastrointestinal ulcerative lesions, including reflux esophagitis, which results in symptom-related food abstinence. PPI therapy promotes patients’ weight gain. However, it was reported that PPI treatment induced weight loss in patients who had already had bariatric surgery.9 Previous mouse and human studies have associated
Although the animal models are a different size and have different physiologies compared to humans, the role of animal models is to gain preclinical data of the responses and safety of interventions. Alteration of gut microbiome may be controlled using probiotics and/or prebiotics in the near future. The changes in gut microbiome due to PPI depend on the species and intestinal sampling site. Shin and colleagues established the rodent model for long-term PPI use and this model is thought be applicable to further preclinical trials to alleviate the adverse effects of long-term PPI use. Fecal microbiota transplantation may be another promising therapy for controlling gut microbiota.
To date, microbiota changes in terminal ileum due to PPI administration may be summarized as an increase in
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
This research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIP) (number: 2014R1A2A11052136).
pISSN 1976-2283
eISSN 2005-1212
Gut and Liver is an international journal of gastroenterology, focusing on the gastrointestinal tract, liver, biliary tree, pancreas, motility, and neurogastroenterology. Gut atnd Liver delivers up-to-date, authoritative papers on both clinical and research-based topics in gastroenterology. The Journal publishes original articles, case reports, brief communications, letters to the editor and invited review articles in the field of gastroenterology. The Journal is operated by internationally renowned editorial boards and designed to provide a global opportunity to promote academic developments in the field of gastroenterology and hepatology. +MORE
| Yong Chan Lee |
Professor of Medicine Director, Gastrointestinal Research Laboratory Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Univ. California San Francisco San Francisco, USA |
| Jong Pil Im | Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea |
| Robert S. Bresalier | University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA |
| Steven H. Itzkowitz | Mount Sinai Medical Center, NY, USA |
All papers submitted to Gut and Liver are reviewed by the editorial team before being sent out for an external peer review to rule out papers that have low priority, insufficient originality, scientific flaws, or the absence of a message of importance to the readers of the Journal. A decision about these papers will usually be made within two or three weeks.
The remaining articles are usually sent to two reviewers. It would be very helpful if you could suggest a selection of reviewers and include their contact details. We may not always use the reviewers you recommend, but suggesting reviewers will make our reviewer database much richer; in the end, everyone will benefit. We reserve the right to return manuscripts in which no reviewers are suggested.
The final responsibility for the decision to accept or reject lies with the editors. In many cases, papers may be rejected despite favorable reviews because of editorial policy or a lack of space. The editor retains the right to determine publication priorities, the style of the paper, and to request, if necessary, that the material submitted be shortened for publication.
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