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    Gut and Liver is an international journal of gastroenterology, focusing on the gastrointestinal tract, liver, biliary tree, pancreas, motility, and neurogastroenterology. Gut atnd Liver delivers up-to-date, authoritative papers on both clinical and research-based topics in gastroenterology. The Journal publishes original articles, case reports, brief communications, letters to the editor and invited review articles in the field of gastroenterology. The Journal is operated by internationally renowned editorial boards and designed to provide a global opportunity to promote academic developments in the field of gastroenterology and hepatology. +MORE

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    Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Univ. California San Francisco
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Expression of Hepatocyte Hepatitis B Core Antigen and Hepatitis B Surface Antigen as a Marker in the Management of Chronic Hepatitis B Patients

Sun Young Yim1, Tae Hyung Kim1, Suh Sang Jun1, Eun Sun Kim1, Bora Keum1, Yeon Seok Seo1, Hyung Joon Yim1, Yoon Tae Jeen1, Hoon Jai Chun1, Hong Sik Lee1, Soon Ho Um1, Chang Duck Kim1, Nam Hee Won2, Ho Sang Ryu1

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1Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, 2Department of Pathology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Correspondence to: Soon Ho Um, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, 73 Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea, Tel: +82-2-920-6555, Fax: +82-2-953-1943, E-mail: umsh@korea.ac.kr

Received: March 18, 2016; Revised: June 28, 2016; Accepted: September 26, 2016

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Gut Liver 2017;11(3):417-425. https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl16148

Published online February 17, 2017, Published date May 15, 2017

Copyright © Gut and Liver.

Abstract

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Background/Aims

We aimed to clarify the association of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)/hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) with the disease status and treatment response in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB).

Methods

We investigated 171 biopsy-proven entecavir-treated CHB patients (109 hepatitis B e antigen [HBeAg]-positive, 62 HBeAg-negative). HBcAg expression was positive when ≥10% of hepatocytes stained, and classified into nuclear, mixed, and cytoplasmic patterns. HBsAg expressions were intracytoplasmic (diffuse, globular, and submembranous) and membranous. The histologic activity index (HAI) and fibrosis stage followed Ishak system.

Results

In HBeAg-positive patients, older age, increased HAI score, advanced fibrosis, and reduced viral load were observed when HBcAg expression shifted from nucleus to cytoplasm in HBcAg-positive patients, and HBsAg expression from non-submembranous to submembranous in HBcAg-negative patients (all, p<0.05). In HBeAg-negative patients, only intracytoplasmic HBsAg expression patterns had clinical relevance with decreased ALT levels and viremia. In HBeAg-positive patients without favorable predictors of virologic response, negative HBcAg and membranous HB-sAg expression predicted greater virologic response (both, p<0.05). The probability of HBeAg seroclearance was higher in patients with increased HAI or lacking HBcAg expression (both, p<0.05). Higher serum HBsAg levels and hepatocyte HBcAg positivity were associated with reduced serum HBsAg during first and post-first year treatment, respectively (both, p<0.05).

Conclusions

Hepatocyte HBcAg/HBsAg expression is a good marker for disease status and predicting treatment response.

Keywords: Hepatitis B,chronic , Hepatitis B core antigens, Hepatitis B surface antigens, Histologic activity index

INTRODUCTION

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Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) may occasionally progress to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).1 Antiviral treatment is usually indicated for patients with CHB who have hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels above 2,000 IU/mL, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels above the upper limit of normal, and histologically moderate-to-severe active necroinflammation and/or at least moderate fibrosis.2 Several factors are associated with the main endpoints of antiviral treatment. High serum ALT level, low viremia, and high activity scores on liver biopsy are related to hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) sero-conversion;2 the dynamics of serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) levels during treatment appears predictive of not only sustained off-treatment virologic response but also HBsAg loss in HBeAg-negative patients, which is the ultimate goal of antiviral treatment.3–5 Although the abovementioned factors are associated with good treatment response, some patients without favorable factors still show adequate response to antiviral treatment, while those with favorable factors do not achieve HBsAg seroclearance. These imply that other conditions, such as viral or host factors, can also be important predictors of the outcomes of antiviral treatment.

The intrahepatic expressions of hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) and HBsAg are related to the histologic activity of hepatitis, viral replication, and host immune response, and variable expression patterns are observed during the natural course of CHB. The intrahepatic expression of HBcAg is reportedly related to the presence of serum HBeAg and HBV replication, and its expression patterns have also been correlated with the degree of hepatic inflammation.6–9 Furthermore, the presence of hepatocytes with HBsAg membranous staining was positively correlated with serum HBV DNA levels, suggesting its role as a marker of active viral replication.10,11 These findings suggest that the expression of intrahepatic HBsAg or HBcAg might be utilized to predict the response to antiviral treatment.

A few studies have suggested the potential of using intrahepatic HBcAg as a predictor of antiviral treatment response.12–14 However, these studies included a small number of patients, and intrahepatic HBsAg as a marker of treatment response was not analyzed. Furthermore, information regarding the association between intrahepatic HBcAg/HBsAg and the decline in serum HBsAg levels during treatment is lacking. In the present study, we aimed to clarify the role of intrahepatic expression patterns of HBsAg and HBcAg in assessing the disease status, and predicting virologic and serologic response to a high potency antiviral drug, entecavir.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

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1. Patients

A retrospective cohort of 171 patients with CHB and HBV-related liver cirrhosis, who underwent liver biopsies from January 2007 to December 2013, was enrolled. All patients received entecavir (0.5 mg) as a primary treatment within 3 months after liver biopsy, and were monitored at intervals of 3 months. The inclusion criteria were the presence of positive serum HBsAg for at least 6 months, and absence of infection with the hepatitis C, hepatitis D, and human immunodeficiency viruses. Patients with other causes of chronic liver injury, such as autoimmune hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, Wilson’s disease, and primary biliary cirrhosis, were excluded. Since almost all Korean patients with CHB are reported to be infected with genotype C virus, the enrolled patients were assumed to be genotype C HBV carriers.15–17

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Korea University Hospital and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Waiver of consent was obtained.

2. Efficacy analysis

Virologic response (VR) was defined as an undetectable serum HBV DNA level (<20 IU/mL) by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Serological response was defined as HBeAg seroclearance and reduction in serum HBsAg level. Significant HBsAg reduction was defined as a decrease in serum HBsAg level >0.5 log10 IU/mL during follow-up after initiating antiviral treatment.18

3. Laboratory analysis

Serum HBsAg, antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs), HBeAg, and antibody to HBeAg were analyzed by radioimmunoassay (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, USA). Serum HBV DNA levels were quantified by real-time PCR assay (COBAS AmpliPrep/CO-BAS TaqMan; Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA), with a detection range of 20 to 1.7×108 IU/mL. Serum HBsAg was quantified with ARCHITECT HBsAg assay (Abbott Laboratories) with a detection range from 0.05 to 250 IU/mL. Samples with serum HBsAg levels of >250 IU/mL were diluted in order to bring the reading into the calibration curve range.

4. Histologic analysis

Immunohistochemical staining for HBsAg and HBcAg within the hepatocytes was done using commercially available anti-HBs and anti-HBc (1:100; Cell Marque, Rocklin, CA, USA) (Supplementary Appendix 1). Hepatocyte HBcAg expression was classified according to nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mixed types (Supplementary Fig. 1). The expression patterns of HBsAg were categorized according to intracytoplasmic expression (diffuse, globular, submembranous) and presence of membranous expression (Supplementary Fig. 2). The degree of expression was scored from 0 to 4, with values corresponding to 0%–1%, 2%–10%, 11%–25%, 26%–50%, and >50% of hepatocytes examined.19

Histologic activity index (HAI) and fibrosis stages were assessed using the Ishak system.20 HAI grading consists of the sum of necroinflammatory scores, including periportal or periseptal interface hepatitis (piecemeal necrosis), confluent necrosis, focal (spotty) lytic necrosis, and portal inflammation; each was assigned a score from 0 to 4–6, yielding a maximal HAI grade of 18. Fibrosis staging ranged from 0 to 6.

5. Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Continuous variables with parametric distribution were analyzed using Student t-test and analysis of variance, with the Mann-Whitney U-test and Kruskal-Wallis test for nonparametric distribution. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test. Factors associated with VR and serologic responses were assessed with Cox regression analysis and binary logistic regression. Multivariate analysis was performed after including the variables of the univariate analysis with p-values <0.1. The Kaplan-Meier method (using the log rank test for comparisons) was used to calculate the cumulative incidence of VR, HBeAg seroclearance, and significant HBsAg decline. The p-values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

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1. Baseline clinicopathological characteristics according to HBeAg serostatus

At baseline, the mean age of all patients (n=171) was 46±11 years, with male predominance (62.6%). Of these, 109 patients (63.7%) were HBeAg-positive, while 62 (36.3%) were HBeAg-negative. HBeAg-positive patients were younger, with increased viremia compared to HBeAg-negative patients (both p<0.05) (Table 1).

In 171 biopsied specimens, hepatocyte HBcAg expression was detected in 95 (55.6%), while membranous and intracytoplasmic HBsAg expression in 71 (41.5%) and 167 patients (97.7%), respectively. Hepatocyte HBcAg was expressed in a remarkably higher proportion of patients in the HBeAg-positive, compared to the HBeAg-negative group (73.4% vs 24.2%, p<0.001) (Table 1), and their median degree of expression was also significantly higher (score, 2 vs 0; p<0.001). Hepatocyte HBsAg expression also differed between HBeAg-positive and -negative groups. There was significantly higher diffuse intracytoplasmic HBsAg expression (57.8% vs 37.1%, p=0.014) in HBeAg-positive compared to HBeAg-negative patients.

2. Clinical features in relation to hepatocyte HBcAg and HBsAg expression at baseline

Through detailed analysis of clinical and histologic findings according to HBeAg serostatus (Supplementary Tables 1 and 2), the degree of HBcAg expression (≥10% vs <10% of hepatocytes observed) was independently correlated with high viremia (odds ratio [OR], 3.372; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.072 to 10.607; p=0.038) and advanced fibrosis (OR, 0.215; 95% CI, 0.069 to 0.673; p=0.008) in HBeAg positive patients; for those with positive HBcAg expression (seen in ≥10% of hepatocytes), the staining pattern (HBcAg nuclear/mixed vs cytoplasmic) was also correlated with viremia (OR, 4.405; 95% CI, 1.14 to 16.949; p=0.032). Furthermore, intracytoplasmic HBsAg expression pattern (submembranous vs non-submembranous) was independently associated with higher HAI (score ≥9) (OR, 4.356; 95% CI, 1.22 to 15.55; p=0.023) and advanced fibrosis (OR, 6.245; 95% CI, 1.482 to 26.314; p=0.013) in the HBeAg-positive group. However, in HBeAg-negative group, intracytoplasmic HBsAg expression pattern (submembranous vs non-submembranous) was independently associated with high viremia only (OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.079 to 0.855; p=0.027).

Based on the above results, we divided HBeAg positive patients into four subgroups, according to hepatocyte HBcAg and HBsAg expression. Those who exhibited positive HBcAg expression were grouped by the expression pattern into nuclear/mixed (group 1) or cytoplasmic (group 2) types. Those who demonstrated negative HBcAg expression (seen in <10% of hepatocytes or no expression of HBcAg) were grouped according to intracytoplasmic HBsAg expression pattern into non-submembranous (group 3) or submembranous (group 4) types. By this grouping, age, the proportion of subjects with liver cirrhosis, high HAI score, and advanced fibrosis increased, while serum HBV DNA and HBsAg levels decreased, when the hepatocyte HBcAg/HBsAg expression patterns changed from group 1 to 4 (all, p<0.05) (Table 2). When further comparisons were made between groups, there was a remarkable increase in age, incidence of high HAI score (≥9), and advanced fibrosis stage (≥4), but a decrease in serum HBsAg levels in group 2, compared to group 1; in contrast, serum HBV DNA levels significantly decreased in group 3, compared to group 2; there was a further decrease in serum HBsAg levels, with an increase in the incidence of high HAI score and fibrosis stage in group 4, compared to group 3 (all, p<0.05). For HBeAg-negative patients, there was a significant decrease in the proportion of subjects with high ALT levels, and a tendency toward lower median serum HBV DNA levels, when HBsAg intracytoplasmic expression changed from a non-sub-membranous to submembranous pattern (p=0.004 and p=0.071, respectively).

3. Factors associated with VR

Patients were treated for a median duration of 48 months (range, 6 to 96 months). VR was achieved in 95 of 109 HBeAg-positive patients (87.2%), and in all of 62 HBeAg-negative patients (100%), with a median time to VR of 12 and 6 months, respectively. Independent factors associated with VR are shown in Table 3.

In HBeAg-positive patients with unfavorable predictors of VR, that is, lower ALT level (<200 IU/L) and early fibrosis (stage <4), cumulative incidence of VR was significantly higher in those with negative HBcAg expression (vs positive expression) at 1- and 2-year follow-up (67% vs 27% and 84% vs 54%, respectively; log-rank, p=0.006).

4. Factors associated with the seroclearance of HBeAg

Of 109 HBeAg-positive patients, 52 (47.7%) exhibited HBeAg seroclearance, with a median time of 20 months (range, 2 to 73 months). Higher HAI (score ≥9) and negative hepatocyte HBcAg expression were the independent factors associated with HBeAg seroclearance (p<0.001 and p=0.049, respectively) (Table 3).

Since the independent factors associated with HBeAg sero-clearance were higher HAI and negative HBcAg expression, patients were divided into three subgroups according to these variables. Patients with both higher HAI (score ≥9) and negative HBcAg expression (n=24) had the highest cumulative incidence of HBeAg seroclearance, followed by those fulfilling either higher HAI or negative HBcAg expression (n=35), and was lowest in those with both lower HAI and positive HBcAg expression (n=50) (p<0.001) (Fig. 1A). The incidence of HBeAg seroclearance was still the highest in patients with increased HAI (score ≥9) and negative HBcAg expression even when patients with lower ALT (<80 IU/L) levels were analyzed (p=0.019) (Fig. 1B).

5. Factors associated with significant HBsAg reduction

Among 38 patients with 3 years of follow-up, mean HB-sAg reduction was significantly greater during the first year of treatment (–0.22±0.41 log10 IU/mL), when compared to the second year, (–0.071±0.19 log10 IU/mL, p=0.041), and third year (0.057±0.12 log10 IU/mL, p=0.019), but the reduction was comparable at the second and third year of treatment (p=0.719) (Fig. 2). Since there was a greater HBsAg reduction during the first year of entecavir treatment, and the HBsAg level remained relatively stable thereafter, factors associated with HBsAg reduction were expected to differ according to pre- and post-first year treatment (Table 4).

Out of total patients 102 patients had HBsAg levels measurement during 1 year of treatment and 12 of 102 patients (11.8%) showed significant HBsAg decline. In univariate analysis, baseline serum HBV DNA, HBsAg level and albumin were associated with HBsAg reduction. In multivariate analysis, baseline HBsAg level was the only independent predictor of HBsAg reduction, p<0.001.

During the follow-up period, 12 of 74 patients (16.2%) who were consistently tested for HBsAg level showed significant reduction after 1 year of treatment. Univariate analysis revealed that positive HBcAg expression and prolonged INR were associated with reduction. However, in multivariate analysis, positive HBcAg expression remained as the only independent factor. The cumulative incidence of significant HBsAg reduction was significantly greater in patients with positive HBcAg expression throughout the follow-up period (p=0.048) (Fig. 1C).

DISCUSSION

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Similar to previous studies, we showed that clinical and histological features of patients at baseline differed according to the clinical course of CHB.8,13,14,21–23 Various patterns of HBcAg expression (nuclear, mixed, and cytoplasmic) in hepatocytes were dominant in HBeAg-positive patients, with eventual loss of HBcAg following HBeAg seroclearance. The main pattern of intracytoplasmic HBsAg expression also changed, from diffuse to globular or submembranous type, along with HBeAg sero-clearance, and the incidence of membranous staining decreased. Considering the remarkable reduction in viral load in HBeAg-negative patients, these histologic changes might be used as a marker representing the enhanced host immune response against HBV.

Other studies generally evaluated disease activity according to membranous and nonmembranous expression of HBsAg.10,11 In contrast, the present study further evaluated intracytoplasmic (diffuse, globular, submembranous) HBsAg expression in combination with HBcAg, and interestingly found that intra-cytoplasmic hepatocyte HBsAg expression patterns had greater clinical significance in disease progression than the presence of membranous expression in both HBeAg-positive and -negative patients. Based on these results, we expected good delineation of the evolution of CHB in HBeAg-positive patients by the HBcAg and HBsAg expression pattern. At the initial phase, the hepatocyte HBcAg expression shifts from nucleus to cytoplasm with advancing age and intensifying hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, as suggested in the present as well as a previous study.9 Then, HBcAg expression ultimately disappears in association with a significant reduction of viral load, followed by the alteration of HBsAg expression pattern from non-submembranous (diffuse and globular) to submembranous type, in conjunction with a further increase in age and disease progression. This is the first study revealing that disease status in HBeAg-positive CHB patients could be elegantly represented by proper integration of the hepatocyte HBcAg and HBsAg expression pattern.

Furthermore, studies until now revealed that HBeAg-negative patients with hepatocyte HBcAg expression had higher serum HBV DNA and ALT levels, with more severe necroinflammation.24 However, the clinical significance of this was not seen in the present study, probably due to the low incidence and low degree of hepatocyte HBcAg expression in HBeAg-negative patients. Instead, the intracytoplasmic HBsAg expression pattern had a significant clinical implication; submembranous intra-cytoplasmic HBsAg expression was associated with decreased viremia and lowered ALT levels, which is consistent with a study by Hsu et al.;10 that study indicated that submembranous expression reflects the late phase of inactive virus replication or integration.

Since the hepatocyte HBcAg or HBsAg expression was believed to appropriately reflect the status of disease activity and immune response, we analyzed the importance of these parameters for the prediction of antiviral treatment response. A few studies have shown the possible relationship between the expression of hepatocyte HBcAg and the response to antiviral treatment.12,13 However, no studies have been conducted to investigate the correlation between the intracytoplasmic hepatocyte HBsAg expression pattern and antiviral treatment response. To our knowledge, the present study is the first to assess the potential of hepatocyte HBsAg expression as a prognostic factor for antiviral treatment response in addition to the hepatocyte HBcAg.

The strength of this study compared to others is that we evaluated factors associated with treatment response using multivariate analysis for each treatment response. In HBeAg-positive patients, the histologic HBsAg and HBcAg expression predicted those who would achieve early VR, among those with unfavorable predictors. Furthermore, as compared with well-established conventional predictors of HBeAg seroclearance, such as low serum HBV DNA and high ALT levels,25 high HAI (score ≥9) and negative HBcAg expression had greater significance in predicting HBeAg seroclearance. Therefore, when the usual predictors are not identified in patients who require antiviral treatment, histologic findings including HBcAg expression appears to be very useful in predicting treatment response, especially in patients with either low or fluctuating ALT levels due to concomitant liver injury secondary to other causes. On the other hand, no histological correlation with VR was found in HBeAg-negative patients, similar to a previous study.14 In fact, prediction of VR seems to be unnecessary in situation where HBeAg-negative patients are treated with high potent antiviral drug such as entecavir.

Previous studies26,27 reported that HBsAg declined rapidly within the first year of antiviral treatment, compared to the second and third years. The present study also demonstrated a significant drop in HBsAg level during the first year of treatment, while no prominent decrease was observed after 1 year; we therefore expected different factors to be associated with HBsAg decline according to first year treatment and thereafter. Increased baseline serum HBsAg level was associated with significant HBsAg decline during the first year of treatment, while the presence of hepatocyte HBcAg expression was associated with later decline. HBsAg decline during the first year is mainly attributed to the reduction in number of virions in the serum, but when viral replication is completely suppressed following antiviral treatment, further HBsAg reduction depends on viral elimination from hepatocytes by host factors.

Circulating HBsAg is the product of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) which is secreted in the form of HBV DNA-containing virion envelopes or empty HBsAg subviral particles.28 When antiviral treatment is used, the significant HBsAg decline during the first year relies on HBV DNA-containing virions; further HBsAg decline depends on the decrease in the number of hepatocytes harboring cccDNA, as well as enhanced host immunity with a direct effect on cccDNA. For the first time, this study revealed that the presence of hepatocyte HBcAg expression is a predictor of significant HBsAg reduction after HBV DNA is sufficiently suppressed. Ironically, the hepatocyte expression pattern of HBsAg was not able to predict HBsAg reduction, probably because HBcAg rather than HBsAg is highly immunogenic, and induces an important lymphocyte effector function. HBcAg is a major target of HBcAg specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes,29 and these lymphocytes mediate clearance of cccDNA through direct hepatocyte lysis.

In conclusion, we clarified the association between histologic findings of hepatocyte HBcAg and HBsAg expression and the disease status of chronic hepatitis B, based on a large number of patients. Furthermore, we found that the degree of hepatocyte HBcAg expression is an important prognostic factor for antiviral treatment response in addition to the already known factors, such as low serum HBV DNA, high ALT levels, and high HAI score. Although the expression pattern of HBsAg significantly differed according to disease status, it has a lower clinical significance in predicting antiviral treatment response, compared to hepatocyte HBcAg expression.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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This study was supported by a grant from the Korea Healthcare Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (HI10C2020).

Figures

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Fig. 1.Kaplan-Meier curve analysis in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive patients. (A) Cumulative incidence of HBeAg seroclearance (Kaplan-Meier plot) according to the histologic activity index (HAI; score ≥9) and presence of hepatocyte hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) expression. (B) Cumulative incidence of HBeAg seroclearance according to the HAI (score ≥9) and presence of hepatocyte HBcAg expression in patients with low alanine aminotransferase (ALT; <80 IU/L) levels. (C) Cumulative incidence of significant hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) reduction according to the presence of hepatocyte HBcAg expression.
Fig. 2.Yearly mean hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) reduction among patients followed up for 3 years.

Tables

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Baseline Clinical Characteristics According to Baseline HBeAg Seropositivity

VariableTotalHBeAg positiveHBeAg negativep-value
No. of patients17110962-
Age, yr46±1144±1248±100.016
Male sex107 (62.6)66 (60.6)41 (66.1)0.469
Liver cirrhosis36 (21.1)22 (20.2)14 (22.6)0.712
HBV DNA, log10 IU/mL7.14 (3.34–9.24)7.86 (3.96–9.24)6.12 (3.34–8.23)<0.001
HBsAg, log10 IU/mL3.57 (1.74–4.79)3.63 (1.74–4.79)3.54 (1.88–4.29)0.212
ALT ≥200 IU/L45 (26.3)34 (31.2)11 (17.7)0.055
HAI score ≥960 (35.1)42 (38.5)18 (29)0.211
Fibrosis stage ≥472 (42.1)49 (45)23 (37.1)0.317
HBcAg expression
 Degree of expression, score1 (0–4)2 (0–4)0 (0–3)<0.001
  Expression pattern<0.001
  Nuclear25 (14.6)21 (19.3)4 (6.5)
  Mixed18 (10.6)16 (14.7)2 (3.2)
  Cytoplasmic52 (30.4)43 (39.4)9 (14.5)
  Absent76 (44.4)29 (26.6)47 (75.8)
HBsAg expression
 Membranous expression0.126
  Present71 (41.5)50 (45.9)21 (33.9)
  Absent100 (58.5)59 (54.1)41 (66.1)
 Intracytoplasmic expression0.014
  Diffuse86 (50.3)63 (57.8)23 (37.1)
  Globular34 (19.9)19 (17.4)15 (24.2)
  Submembranous47 (27.5)23 (21.1)24 (38.7)
  Absent4 (2.3)4 (3.7)0

Clinical and Histologic Findings According to HBeAg Serostatus and Expression Patterns of Hepatocyte HBcAg and HBsAg

VariableHBeAg positivep-valueHBeAg negativep-value
HBcAg expression ≥10%HBcAg expression <10%HBsAg non-submembranousHBsAg submembranous
HBcAg nuclear/mixed
(1)		HBcAg cytoplasmic
(2)		HBsAg non-submembranous
(3)		HBsAg submembranous
(4)
No. of patients26422912-3824-
Age, yr38±1145±12*45±1150±100.02149±1047±110.504
Liver cirrhosis07 (16.7)*11 (37.9)†4 (33.3)0.0438 (21.1)6 (25)0.717
HBV DNA, log10 IU/mL8.1 (5.8–9.2)8.0 (4.9–9.2)6.8 (4.0–8.2)‡7.3 (5.5–8.2)<0.0016.2 (3.3–8.2)5.4 (4.4–8.0)0.071
HBsAg, log10 IU/mL4.0 (3.1–4.8)3.7 (1.9–4.5)*3.6 (2.4–4.2)3.3 (1.7–3.6)§0.0015.6 (1.9–4.3)3.5 (3.0–4.1)0.194
ALT ≥200 IU/L9 (34.6)9 (21.4)9 (31)7 (58.3)0.10611 (28.9)00.004
HAI score ≥94 (15.4)14 (33.3)*14 (48.3)10 (83.3)||0.00110 (26.3)8 (33.3)0.553
Fibrosis stage ≥44 (15.4)17 (40.5)*17 (58.6)11 (91.7)<0.00113 (34.2)10 (41.7)0.806

Data are presented as the mean±SD, number (%), or median (range). The p-values were obtained using the chi-square test for categorical variables, Student t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test, analysis of variance, and Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables.

HBeAg, hepatitis B e antigen; HBcAg, hepatitis B core antigen; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HBV, hepatitis B virus; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; HAI, histologic activity index.

*Comparison between groups 1 and 2, p<0.05;

Comparison between groups 2 and 3,

†p=0.043;

‡p=0.002;

Comparison between groups 3 and 4,

§p=0.099;

||p=0.038;

p=0.039.


Factors Associated with Virologic Response and HBeAg Seroclearance

VariableHBeAg negative (n=62)HBeAg positive (n=109)
Virologic responseVirologic response (n=95)HBeAg seroclearance (n=52)
HR (95% CI)p-value*HR (95% CI)p-value*p-value†HR (95% CI)p-value*p-value†
Age, yr0.990 (0.966–1.015)0.441.010 (0.993–1.027)0.2681.027 (1.004–1.051)0.020.243
Sex, male/female1.215 (0.714–2.069)0.4730.620 (0.409–0.942)0.0250.0520.732 (0.423–1.266)0.265
Liver cirrhosis, yes/no0.966 (0.529–1.765)0.9111.532 (0.940–2.497)0.0870.4971.534 (0.830–2.836)0.172
HBV DNA, log10 IU/mL0.882 (0.691–1.127)0.3150.824 (0.691–0.983)0.0310.010.828 (0.655–1.046)0.113
ALT, ≥200/<200 IU/L2.169 (1.101–4.271)0.0251.686 (1.095–2.596)0.0180.0272.093 (1.201–3.647)0.0090.225
ALT, ≥80/<80 IU/L1.363 (0.808–2.299)0.2451.174 (0.757–1.822)0.4731.391 (0.742–2.605)0.303
Albumin, g/dL1.289 (0.647–2.567)0.4710.920 (0.625–1.355)0.6730.871 (0.546–1.388)0.56
PT, INR0.939 (0.097–9.112)0.9591.808 (0.316–10.356)0.5063.420 (0.269–43.515)0.343
Bilirubin, g/dL1.044 (0.970–1.124)0.2531.143 (0.976–1.339)0.0960.5331.123 (0.966–1.304)0.13
Platelet count, ×103/μL1 (0.996–1.004)0.9840.996 (0.991–1.000)0.0630.7120.994 (0.989–1.000)0.0360.411
HAI score, ≥9/<90.850 (0.488–1.479)0.5651.734 (1.142–2.633)0.010.8933.683 (2.102–6.454)<0.001<0.001
Fibrosis stage, ≥4/<40.855 (0.508–1.437)0.5541.894 (1.258–2.850)0.0020.0052.547 (1.451–4.471)0.0010.829
HBcAg expression patterns0.6890.0070.3550.0010.053
 Nuclear & mixed (≥10%)--------
 Cytoplasm (≥10%)1.781 (0.428–7.402)0.4270.881 (0.519–1.497)0.6390.1641.595 (0.661–3.849)0.2990.649
 Absent (<10%)1.672 (0.503–5.553)0.4021.803 (1.065–3.052)0.0280.5033.726 (1.619–8.578)0.0020.049
HBsAg expression patterns
 Membranous expression
  Absent vs present0.852 (0.498–1.457)0.5591.414 (0.940–2.128)0.0960.9541.186 (0.684–2.056)0.544
 Intracytoplasmic expression
  Diffuse vs nondiffuse0.996 (0.590–1.680)0.9880.831 (0.550–1.255)0.3790.540 (0.310–0.941)0.030.34
  Non-submembranous vs submembranous0.817 (0.482–1.386)0.4540.990 (0.603–1.624)0.9670.543 (0.292–1.008)0.0530.82

Analysis was performed using Cox regression analysis.

HBeAg, hepatitis B e antigen; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; HBV, hepatitis B virus; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; PT, prothrombin time; INR, international normalized ratio; HAI, histologic activity index; HBcAg, hepatitis B core antigen; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen.

*Univariate p-values;

†Multivariate p-values were obtained after including variables of the univariate analysis with p-values <0.1.


Factors Associated with HBsAg Reduction during and after the First Year of Treatment

VariableHBsAg reduction (>0.5 log10 IU/mL)
During 1st year (n=12/102)After 1st year (n=12/74)
OR (95% CI)p-value*p-value†HR (95% CI)p-value*p-value†
Age, yr1.039 (0.982–1.099)0.1930.979 (0.927–1.034)0.442
Sex, male/female1.423 (0.428–4.724)0.5653.081 (0.675–14.067)0.143
Liver cirrhosis, yes/no0.574 (0.126–2.62)0.4741.38 (0.415–4.586)0.599
HBeAg, +/–1.101 (0.331–3.656)0.8752.524 (0.682–9.336)0.165
HBV DNA, log10 IU/mL1.615 (0.945–2.76)0.080.6691. 995 (1.034–3.85)0.39
HBsAg, log10 IU/mL6.129 (1.932–19.445)0.002<0.0011.591 (0.491–5.155)0.439
ALT, ≥200/<200 IU/L1.191 (0.359–3.956)0.7751.739 (0.517–5.847)0.371
Albumin, g/dL0.521 (0.279–0.971)0.040.081.191 (0.34–4.171)0.785
PT, INR0.888 (0.00–202.649)0.966233.103 (2.197–22660.6)0.0220.065
Bilirubin, g/dL0.974 (0.763–1.244)0.8321.027 (0.862–1.224)0.764
Platelet count, ×103/μL0.994 (0.983–1.006)0.3360.998 (0.998–1.008)0.676
HAI score, ≥9/<91.092 (0.347–3.441)0.880.891 (0.282–2.818)0.845
Fibrosis stage, ≥4/<40.375 (0.101–1.385)0.1411.645 (0.484–5.479)0.416
HBcAg expression patterns0.2260.0430.048
 Absent (<10%)-----
 Cytoplasm (≥10%)1.856 (0.34–10.133)0.4751.676 (0.418–6.715)0.4660.208
 Nuclear & mixed (≥10%)3.041 (0.858–10.777)0.0855.662 (1.411–22.718)0.0140.039
HBsAg expression patterns
 Membranous expression
 Absent vs present0.507 (0.153–1.684)0.2671.157 (0.345–3.874)0.813
 Intracytoplasmic expression
 Diffuse vs nondiffuse0.895 (0.289–2.775)0.8470.676 (0.214–2.133)0.504
 Non-submembranous vs submembranous0.566 (0.124–2.585)0.4630.348 (0.045–2.695)0.312

Associations of HBsAg reduction during first year treatment were analyzed using binary logistic regression, and associations after first year treatment were assessed using Cox regression analysis.

HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; HBeAg, hepatitis B e antigen; HBV, hepatitis B virus; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; PT, prothrombin time; INR, international normalized ratio; HAI, histologic activity index; HBcAg, hepatitis B core antigen.

*Univariate p-values;

†Multivariate p-values were obtained after including the variables of the univariate analysis with p-values <0.1.


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Article

Original Article

Gut and Liver 2017; 11(3): 417-425

Published online May 15, 2017 https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl16148

Copyright © Gut and Liver.

Expression of Hepatocyte Hepatitis B Core Antigen and Hepatitis B Surface Antigen as a Marker in the Management of Chronic Hepatitis B Patients

Sun Young Yim1, Tae Hyung Kim1, Suh Sang Jun1, Eun Sun Kim1, Bora Keum1, Yeon Seok Seo1, Hyung Joon Yim1, Yoon Tae Jeen1, Hoon Jai Chun1, Hong Sik Lee1, Soon Ho Um1, Chang Duck Kim1, Nam Hee Won2, Ho Sang Ryu1

1Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, 2Department of Pathology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Correspondence to:Soon Ho Um, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, 73 Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea, Tel: +82-2-920-6555, Fax: +82-2-953-1943, E-mail: umsh@korea.ac.kr

Received: March 18, 2016; Revised: June 28, 2016; Accepted: September 26, 2016

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Background/Aims

We aimed to clarify the association of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)/hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) with the disease status and treatment response in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB).

Methods

We investigated 171 biopsy-proven entecavir-treated CHB patients (109 hepatitis B e antigen [HBeAg]-positive, 62 HBeAg-negative). HBcAg expression was positive when ≥10% of hepatocytes stained, and classified into nuclear, mixed, and cytoplasmic patterns. HBsAg expressions were intracytoplasmic (diffuse, globular, and submembranous) and membranous. The histologic activity index (HAI) and fibrosis stage followed Ishak system.

Results

In HBeAg-positive patients, older age, increased HAI score, advanced fibrosis, and reduced viral load were observed when HBcAg expression shifted from nucleus to cytoplasm in HBcAg-positive patients, and HBsAg expression from non-submembranous to submembranous in HBcAg-negative patients (all, p<0.05). In HBeAg-negative patients, only intracytoplasmic HBsAg expression patterns had clinical relevance with decreased ALT levels and viremia. In HBeAg-positive patients without favorable predictors of virologic response, negative HBcAg and membranous HB-sAg expression predicted greater virologic response (both, p<0.05). The probability of HBeAg seroclearance was higher in patients with increased HAI or lacking HBcAg expression (both, p<0.05). Higher serum HBsAg levels and hepatocyte HBcAg positivity were associated with reduced serum HBsAg during first and post-first year treatment, respectively (both, p<0.05).

Conclusions

Hepatocyte HBcAg/HBsAg expression is a good marker for disease status and predicting treatment response.

Keywords: Hepatitis B,chronic , Hepatitis B core antigens, Hepatitis B surface antigens, Histologic activity index

INTRODUCTION

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) may occasionally progress to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).1 Antiviral treatment is usually indicated for patients with CHB who have hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels above 2,000 IU/mL, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels above the upper limit of normal, and histologically moderate-to-severe active necroinflammation and/or at least moderate fibrosis.2 Several factors are associated with the main endpoints of antiviral treatment. High serum ALT level, low viremia, and high activity scores on liver biopsy are related to hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) sero-conversion;2 the dynamics of serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) levels during treatment appears predictive of not only sustained off-treatment virologic response but also HBsAg loss in HBeAg-negative patients, which is the ultimate goal of antiviral treatment.3–5 Although the abovementioned factors are associated with good treatment response, some patients without favorable factors still show adequate response to antiviral treatment, while those with favorable factors do not achieve HBsAg seroclearance. These imply that other conditions, such as viral or host factors, can also be important predictors of the outcomes of antiviral treatment.

The intrahepatic expressions of hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) and HBsAg are related to the histologic activity of hepatitis, viral replication, and host immune response, and variable expression patterns are observed during the natural course of CHB. The intrahepatic expression of HBcAg is reportedly related to the presence of serum HBeAg and HBV replication, and its expression patterns have also been correlated with the degree of hepatic inflammation.6–9 Furthermore, the presence of hepatocytes with HBsAg membranous staining was positively correlated with serum HBV DNA levels, suggesting its role as a marker of active viral replication.10,11 These findings suggest that the expression of intrahepatic HBsAg or HBcAg might be utilized to predict the response to antiviral treatment.

A few studies have suggested the potential of using intrahepatic HBcAg as a predictor of antiviral treatment response.12–14 However, these studies included a small number of patients, and intrahepatic HBsAg as a marker of treatment response was not analyzed. Furthermore, information regarding the association between intrahepatic HBcAg/HBsAg and the decline in serum HBsAg levels during treatment is lacking. In the present study, we aimed to clarify the role of intrahepatic expression patterns of HBsAg and HBcAg in assessing the disease status, and predicting virologic and serologic response to a high potency antiviral drug, entecavir.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

1. Patients

A retrospective cohort of 171 patients with CHB and HBV-related liver cirrhosis, who underwent liver biopsies from January 2007 to December 2013, was enrolled. All patients received entecavir (0.5 mg) as a primary treatment within 3 months after liver biopsy, and were monitored at intervals of 3 months. The inclusion criteria were the presence of positive serum HBsAg for at least 6 months, and absence of infection with the hepatitis C, hepatitis D, and human immunodeficiency viruses. Patients with other causes of chronic liver injury, such as autoimmune hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, Wilson’s disease, and primary biliary cirrhosis, were excluded. Since almost all Korean patients with CHB are reported to be infected with genotype C virus, the enrolled patients were assumed to be genotype C HBV carriers.15–17

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Korea University Hospital and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Waiver of consent was obtained.

2. Efficacy analysis

Virologic response (VR) was defined as an undetectable serum HBV DNA level (<20 IU/mL) by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Serological response was defined as HBeAg seroclearance and reduction in serum HBsAg level. Significant HBsAg reduction was defined as a decrease in serum HBsAg level >0.5 log10 IU/mL during follow-up after initiating antiviral treatment.18

3. Laboratory analysis

Serum HBsAg, antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs), HBeAg, and antibody to HBeAg were analyzed by radioimmunoassay (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, USA). Serum HBV DNA levels were quantified by real-time PCR assay (COBAS AmpliPrep/CO-BAS TaqMan; Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA), with a detection range of 20 to 1.7×108 IU/mL. Serum HBsAg was quantified with ARCHITECT HBsAg assay (Abbott Laboratories) with a detection range from 0.05 to 250 IU/mL. Samples with serum HBsAg levels of >250 IU/mL were diluted in order to bring the reading into the calibration curve range.

4. Histologic analysis

Immunohistochemical staining for HBsAg and HBcAg within the hepatocytes was done using commercially available anti-HBs and anti-HBc (1:100; Cell Marque, Rocklin, CA, USA) (Supplementary Appendix 1). Hepatocyte HBcAg expression was classified according to nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mixed types (Supplementary Fig. 1). The expression patterns of HBsAg were categorized according to intracytoplasmic expression (diffuse, globular, submembranous) and presence of membranous expression (Supplementary Fig. 2). The degree of expression was scored from 0 to 4, with values corresponding to 0%–1%, 2%–10%, 11%–25%, 26%–50%, and >50% of hepatocytes examined.19

Histologic activity index (HAI) and fibrosis stages were assessed using the Ishak system.20 HAI grading consists of the sum of necroinflammatory scores, including periportal or periseptal interface hepatitis (piecemeal necrosis), confluent necrosis, focal (spotty) lytic necrosis, and portal inflammation; each was assigned a score from 0 to 4–6, yielding a maximal HAI grade of 18. Fibrosis staging ranged from 0 to 6.

5. Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Continuous variables with parametric distribution were analyzed using Student t-test and analysis of variance, with the Mann-Whitney U-test and Kruskal-Wallis test for nonparametric distribution. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test. Factors associated with VR and serologic responses were assessed with Cox regression analysis and binary logistic regression. Multivariate analysis was performed after including the variables of the univariate analysis with p-values <0.1. The Kaplan-Meier method (using the log rank test for comparisons) was used to calculate the cumulative incidence of VR, HBeAg seroclearance, and significant HBsAg decline. The p-values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

1. Baseline clinicopathological characteristics according to HBeAg serostatus

At baseline, the mean age of all patients (n=171) was 46±11 years, with male predominance (62.6%). Of these, 109 patients (63.7%) were HBeAg-positive, while 62 (36.3%) were HBeAg-negative. HBeAg-positive patients were younger, with increased viremia compared to HBeAg-negative patients (both p<0.05) (Table 1).

In 171 biopsied specimens, hepatocyte HBcAg expression was detected in 95 (55.6%), while membranous and intracytoplasmic HBsAg expression in 71 (41.5%) and 167 patients (97.7%), respectively. Hepatocyte HBcAg was expressed in a remarkably higher proportion of patients in the HBeAg-positive, compared to the HBeAg-negative group (73.4% vs 24.2%, p<0.001) (Table 1), and their median degree of expression was also significantly higher (score, 2 vs 0; p<0.001). Hepatocyte HBsAg expression also differed between HBeAg-positive and -negative groups. There was significantly higher diffuse intracytoplasmic HBsAg expression (57.8% vs 37.1%, p=0.014) in HBeAg-positive compared to HBeAg-negative patients.

2. Clinical features in relation to hepatocyte HBcAg and HBsAg expression at baseline

Through detailed analysis of clinical and histologic findings according to HBeAg serostatus (Supplementary Tables 1 and 2), the degree of HBcAg expression (≥10% vs <10% of hepatocytes observed) was independently correlated with high viremia (odds ratio [OR], 3.372; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.072 to 10.607; p=0.038) and advanced fibrosis (OR, 0.215; 95% CI, 0.069 to 0.673; p=0.008) in HBeAg positive patients; for those with positive HBcAg expression (seen in ≥10% of hepatocytes), the staining pattern (HBcAg nuclear/mixed vs cytoplasmic) was also correlated with viremia (OR, 4.405; 95% CI, 1.14 to 16.949; p=0.032). Furthermore, intracytoplasmic HBsAg expression pattern (submembranous vs non-submembranous) was independently associated with higher HAI (score ≥9) (OR, 4.356; 95% CI, 1.22 to 15.55; p=0.023) and advanced fibrosis (OR, 6.245; 95% CI, 1.482 to 26.314; p=0.013) in the HBeAg-positive group. However, in HBeAg-negative group, intracytoplasmic HBsAg expression pattern (submembranous vs non-submembranous) was independently associated with high viremia only (OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.079 to 0.855; p=0.027).

Based on the above results, we divided HBeAg positive patients into four subgroups, according to hepatocyte HBcAg and HBsAg expression. Those who exhibited positive HBcAg expression were grouped by the expression pattern into nuclear/mixed (group 1) or cytoplasmic (group 2) types. Those who demonstrated negative HBcAg expression (seen in <10% of hepatocytes or no expression of HBcAg) were grouped according to intracytoplasmic HBsAg expression pattern into non-submembranous (group 3) or submembranous (group 4) types. By this grouping, age, the proportion of subjects with liver cirrhosis, high HAI score, and advanced fibrosis increased, while serum HBV DNA and HBsAg levels decreased, when the hepatocyte HBcAg/HBsAg expression patterns changed from group 1 to 4 (all, p<0.05) (Table 2). When further comparisons were made between groups, there was a remarkable increase in age, incidence of high HAI score (≥9), and advanced fibrosis stage (≥4), but a decrease in serum HBsAg levels in group 2, compared to group 1; in contrast, serum HBV DNA levels significantly decreased in group 3, compared to group 2; there was a further decrease in serum HBsAg levels, with an increase in the incidence of high HAI score and fibrosis stage in group 4, compared to group 3 (all, p<0.05). For HBeAg-negative patients, there was a significant decrease in the proportion of subjects with high ALT levels, and a tendency toward lower median serum HBV DNA levels, when HBsAg intracytoplasmic expression changed from a non-sub-membranous to submembranous pattern (p=0.004 and p=0.071, respectively).

3. Factors associated with VR

Patients were treated for a median duration of 48 months (range, 6 to 96 months). VR was achieved in 95 of 109 HBeAg-positive patients (87.2%), and in all of 62 HBeAg-negative patients (100%), with a median time to VR of 12 and 6 months, respectively. Independent factors associated with VR are shown in Table 3.

In HBeAg-positive patients with unfavorable predictors of VR, that is, lower ALT level (<200 IU/L) and early fibrosis (stage <4), cumulative incidence of VR was significantly higher in those with negative HBcAg expression (vs positive expression) at 1- and 2-year follow-up (67% vs 27% and 84% vs 54%, respectively; log-rank, p=0.006).

4. Factors associated with the seroclearance of HBeAg

Of 109 HBeAg-positive patients, 52 (47.7%) exhibited HBeAg seroclearance, with a median time of 20 months (range, 2 to 73 months). Higher HAI (score ≥9) and negative hepatocyte HBcAg expression were the independent factors associated with HBeAg seroclearance (p<0.001 and p=0.049, respectively) (Table 3).

Since the independent factors associated with HBeAg sero-clearance were higher HAI and negative HBcAg expression, patients were divided into three subgroups according to these variables. Patients with both higher HAI (score ≥9) and negative HBcAg expression (n=24) had the highest cumulative incidence of HBeAg seroclearance, followed by those fulfilling either higher HAI or negative HBcAg expression (n=35), and was lowest in those with both lower HAI and positive HBcAg expression (n=50) (p<0.001) (Fig. 1A). The incidence of HBeAg seroclearance was still the highest in patients with increased HAI (score ≥9) and negative HBcAg expression even when patients with lower ALT (<80 IU/L) levels were analyzed (p=0.019) (Fig. 1B).

5. Factors associated with significant HBsAg reduction

Among 38 patients with 3 years of follow-up, mean HB-sAg reduction was significantly greater during the first year of treatment (–0.22±0.41 log10 IU/mL), when compared to the second year, (–0.071±0.19 log10 IU/mL, p=0.041), and third year (0.057±0.12 log10 IU/mL, p=0.019), but the reduction was comparable at the second and third year of treatment (p=0.719) (Fig. 2). Since there was a greater HBsAg reduction during the first year of entecavir treatment, and the HBsAg level remained relatively stable thereafter, factors associated with HBsAg reduction were expected to differ according to pre- and post-first year treatment (Table 4).

Out of total patients 102 patients had HBsAg levels measurement during 1 year of treatment and 12 of 102 patients (11.8%) showed significant HBsAg decline. In univariate analysis, baseline serum HBV DNA, HBsAg level and albumin were associated with HBsAg reduction. In multivariate analysis, baseline HBsAg level was the only independent predictor of HBsAg reduction, p<0.001.

During the follow-up period, 12 of 74 patients (16.2%) who were consistently tested for HBsAg level showed significant reduction after 1 year of treatment. Univariate analysis revealed that positive HBcAg expression and prolonged INR were associated with reduction. However, in multivariate analysis, positive HBcAg expression remained as the only independent factor. The cumulative incidence of significant HBsAg reduction was significantly greater in patients with positive HBcAg expression throughout the follow-up period (p=0.048) (Fig. 1C).

DISCUSSION

Similar to previous studies, we showed that clinical and histological features of patients at baseline differed according to the clinical course of CHB.8,13,14,21–23 Various patterns of HBcAg expression (nuclear, mixed, and cytoplasmic) in hepatocytes were dominant in HBeAg-positive patients, with eventual loss of HBcAg following HBeAg seroclearance. The main pattern of intracytoplasmic HBsAg expression also changed, from diffuse to globular or submembranous type, along with HBeAg sero-clearance, and the incidence of membranous staining decreased. Considering the remarkable reduction in viral load in HBeAg-negative patients, these histologic changes might be used as a marker representing the enhanced host immune response against HBV.

Other studies generally evaluated disease activity according to membranous and nonmembranous expression of HBsAg.10,11 In contrast, the present study further evaluated intracytoplasmic (diffuse, globular, submembranous) HBsAg expression in combination with HBcAg, and interestingly found that intra-cytoplasmic hepatocyte HBsAg expression patterns had greater clinical significance in disease progression than the presence of membranous expression in both HBeAg-positive and -negative patients. Based on these results, we expected good delineation of the evolution of CHB in HBeAg-positive patients by the HBcAg and HBsAg expression pattern. At the initial phase, the hepatocyte HBcAg expression shifts from nucleus to cytoplasm with advancing age and intensifying hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, as suggested in the present as well as a previous study.9 Then, HBcAg expression ultimately disappears in association with a significant reduction of viral load, followed by the alteration of HBsAg expression pattern from non-submembranous (diffuse and globular) to submembranous type, in conjunction with a further increase in age and disease progression. This is the first study revealing that disease status in HBeAg-positive CHB patients could be elegantly represented by proper integration of the hepatocyte HBcAg and HBsAg expression pattern.

Furthermore, studies until now revealed that HBeAg-negative patients with hepatocyte HBcAg expression had higher serum HBV DNA and ALT levels, with more severe necroinflammation.24 However, the clinical significance of this was not seen in the present study, probably due to the low incidence and low degree of hepatocyte HBcAg expression in HBeAg-negative patients. Instead, the intracytoplasmic HBsAg expression pattern had a significant clinical implication; submembranous intra-cytoplasmic HBsAg expression was associated with decreased viremia and lowered ALT levels, which is consistent with a study by Hsu et al.;10 that study indicated that submembranous expression reflects the late phase of inactive virus replication or integration.

Since the hepatocyte HBcAg or HBsAg expression was believed to appropriately reflect the status of disease activity and immune response, we analyzed the importance of these parameters for the prediction of antiviral treatment response. A few studies have shown the possible relationship between the expression of hepatocyte HBcAg and the response to antiviral treatment.12,13 However, no studies have been conducted to investigate the correlation between the intracytoplasmic hepatocyte HBsAg expression pattern and antiviral treatment response. To our knowledge, the present study is the first to assess the potential of hepatocyte HBsAg expression as a prognostic factor for antiviral treatment response in addition to the hepatocyte HBcAg.

The strength of this study compared to others is that we evaluated factors associated with treatment response using multivariate analysis for each treatment response. In HBeAg-positive patients, the histologic HBsAg and HBcAg expression predicted those who would achieve early VR, among those with unfavorable predictors. Furthermore, as compared with well-established conventional predictors of HBeAg seroclearance, such as low serum HBV DNA and high ALT levels,25 high HAI (score ≥9) and negative HBcAg expression had greater significance in predicting HBeAg seroclearance. Therefore, when the usual predictors are not identified in patients who require antiviral treatment, histologic findings including HBcAg expression appears to be very useful in predicting treatment response, especially in patients with either low or fluctuating ALT levels due to concomitant liver injury secondary to other causes. On the other hand, no histological correlation with VR was found in HBeAg-negative patients, similar to a previous study.14 In fact, prediction of VR seems to be unnecessary in situation where HBeAg-negative patients are treated with high potent antiviral drug such as entecavir.

Previous studies26,27 reported that HBsAg declined rapidly within the first year of antiviral treatment, compared to the second and third years. The present study also demonstrated a significant drop in HBsAg level during the first year of treatment, while no prominent decrease was observed after 1 year; we therefore expected different factors to be associated with HBsAg decline according to first year treatment and thereafter. Increased baseline serum HBsAg level was associated with significant HBsAg decline during the first year of treatment, while the presence of hepatocyte HBcAg expression was associated with later decline. HBsAg decline during the first year is mainly attributed to the reduction in number of virions in the serum, but when viral replication is completely suppressed following antiviral treatment, further HBsAg reduction depends on viral elimination from hepatocytes by host factors.

Circulating HBsAg is the product of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) which is secreted in the form of HBV DNA-containing virion envelopes or empty HBsAg subviral particles.28 When antiviral treatment is used, the significant HBsAg decline during the first year relies on HBV DNA-containing virions; further HBsAg decline depends on the decrease in the number of hepatocytes harboring cccDNA, as well as enhanced host immunity with a direct effect on cccDNA. For the first time, this study revealed that the presence of hepatocyte HBcAg expression is a predictor of significant HBsAg reduction after HBV DNA is sufficiently suppressed. Ironically, the hepatocyte expression pattern of HBsAg was not able to predict HBsAg reduction, probably because HBcAg rather than HBsAg is highly immunogenic, and induces an important lymphocyte effector function. HBcAg is a major target of HBcAg specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes,29 and these lymphocytes mediate clearance of cccDNA through direct hepatocyte lysis.

In conclusion, we clarified the association between histologic findings of hepatocyte HBcAg and HBsAg expression and the disease status of chronic hepatitis B, based on a large number of patients. Furthermore, we found that the degree of hepatocyte HBcAg expression is an important prognostic factor for antiviral treatment response in addition to the already known factors, such as low serum HBV DNA, high ALT levels, and high HAI score. Although the expression pattern of HBsAg significantly differed according to disease status, it has a lower clinical significance in predicting antiviral treatment response, compared to hepatocyte HBcAg expression.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study was supported by a grant from the Korea Healthcare Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (HI10C2020).

Supplementary Information

Fig 1.

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Figure 1.Kaplan-Meier curve analysis in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive patients. (A) Cumulative incidence of HBeAg seroclearance (Kaplan-Meier plot) according to the histologic activity index (HAI; score ≥9) and presence of hepatocyte hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) expression. (B) Cumulative incidence of HBeAg seroclearance according to the HAI (score ≥9) and presence of hepatocyte HBcAg expression in patients with low alanine aminotransferase (ALT; <80 IU/L) levels. (C) Cumulative incidence of significant hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) reduction according to the presence of hepatocyte HBcAg expression.
Gut and Liver 2017; 11: 417-425https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl16148

Fig 2.

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Figure 2.Yearly mean hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) reduction among patients followed up for 3 years.
Gut and Liver 2017; 11: 417-425https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl16148

Table 1 Baseline Clinical Characteristics According to Baseline HBeAg Seropositivity

VariableTotalHBeAg positiveHBeAg negativep-value
No. of patients17110962-
Age, yr46±1144±1248±100.016
Male sex107 (62.6)66 (60.6)41 (66.1)0.469
Liver cirrhosis36 (21.1)22 (20.2)14 (22.6)0.712
HBV DNA, log10 IU/mL7.14 (3.34–9.24)7.86 (3.96–9.24)6.12 (3.34–8.23)<0.001
HBsAg, log10 IU/mL3.57 (1.74–4.79)3.63 (1.74–4.79)3.54 (1.88–4.29)0.212
ALT ≥200 IU/L45 (26.3)34 (31.2)11 (17.7)0.055
HAI score ≥960 (35.1)42 (38.5)18 (29)0.211
Fibrosis stage ≥472 (42.1)49 (45)23 (37.1)0.317
HBcAg expression
 Degree of expression, score1 (0–4)2 (0–4)0 (0–3)<0.001
  Expression pattern<0.001
  Nuclear25 (14.6)21 (19.3)4 (6.5)
  Mixed18 (10.6)16 (14.7)2 (3.2)
  Cytoplasmic52 (30.4)43 (39.4)9 (14.5)
  Absent76 (44.4)29 (26.6)47 (75.8)
HBsAg expression
 Membranous expression0.126
  Present71 (41.5)50 (45.9)21 (33.9)
  Absent100 (58.5)59 (54.1)41 (66.1)
 Intracytoplasmic expression0.014
  Diffuse86 (50.3)63 (57.8)23 (37.1)
  Globular34 (19.9)19 (17.4)15 (24.2)
  Submembranous47 (27.5)23 (21.1)24 (38.7)
  Absent4 (2.3)4 (3.7)0

Data are presented as mean±SD, number (%), or median (range).

The p-values were obtained using the chi-square test for categorical variables and Student t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test for continuous variables. The degree of hepatocytes staining was scored from 0 to 4, with percentage values corresponding to 0%, 1%–10%, 11%–25%, 26%–50%, >50% of hepatocytes examined, respectively. HAI grade and fibrosis stages were assessed using the Ishak system. The HAI yielded a maximal score of 18, whereas the fibrosis stage ranged from 0 to 6.

HBeAg, hepatitis B e antigen; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; HAI, histologic activity index; HBcAg, hepatitis B core antigen.

Table 2 Clinical and Histologic Findings According to HBeAg Serostatus and Expression Patterns of Hepatocyte HBcAg and HBsAg

VariableHBeAg positivep-valueHBeAg negativep-value
HBcAg expression ≥10%HBcAg expression <10%HBsAg non-submembranousHBsAg submembranous
HBcAg nuclear/mixed(1)HBcAg cytoplasmic(2)HBsAg non-submembranous(3)HBsAg submembranous(4)
No. of patients26422912-3824-
Age, yr38±1145±12*45±1150±100.02149±1047±110.504
Liver cirrhosis07 (16.7)*11 (37.9)†4 (33.3)0.0438 (21.1)6 (25)0.717
HBV DNA, log10 IU/mL8.1 (5.8–9.2)8.0 (4.9–9.2)6.8 (4.0–8.2)‡7.3 (5.5–8.2)<0.0016.2 (3.3–8.2)5.4 (4.4–8.0)0.071
HBsAg, log10 IU/mL4.0 (3.1–4.8)3.7 (1.9–4.5)*3.6 (2.4–4.2)3.3 (1.7–3.6)§0.0015.6 (1.9–4.3)3.5 (3.0–4.1)0.194
ALT ≥200 IU/L9 (34.6)9 (21.4)9 (31)7 (58.3)0.10611 (28.9)00.004
HAI score ≥94 (15.4)14 (33.3)*14 (48.3)10 (83.3)||0.00110 (26.3)8 (33.3)0.553
Fibrosis stage ≥44 (15.4)17 (40.5)*17 (58.6)11 (91.7)<0.00113 (34.2)10 (41.7)0.806

Data are presented as the mean±SD, number (%), or median (range). The p-values were obtained using the chi-square test for categorical variables, Student t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test, analysis of variance, and Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables.

HBeAg, hepatitis B e antigen; HBcAg, hepatitis B core antigen; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HBV, hepatitis B virus; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; HAI, histologic activity index.

*Comparison between groups 1 and 2, p<0.05;

Comparison between groups 2 and 3,

†p=0.043;

‡p=0.002;

Comparison between groups 3 and 4,

§p=0.099;

||p=0.038;

p=0.039.

Table 3 Factors Associated with Virologic Response and HBeAg Seroclearance

VariableHBeAg negative (n=62)HBeAg positive (n=109)
Virologic responseVirologic response (n=95)HBeAg seroclearance (n=52)
HR (95% CI)p-value*HR (95% CI)p-value*p-value†HR (95% CI)p-value*p-value†
Age, yr0.990 (0.966–1.015)0.441.010 (0.993–1.027)0.2681.027 (1.004–1.051)0.020.243
Sex, male/female1.215 (0.714–2.069)0.4730.620 (0.409–0.942)0.0250.0520.732 (0.423–1.266)0.265
Liver cirrhosis, yes/no0.966 (0.529–1.765)0.9111.532 (0.940–2.497)0.0870.4971.534 (0.830–2.836)0.172
HBV DNA, log10 IU/mL0.882 (0.691–1.127)0.3150.824 (0.691–0.983)0.0310.010.828 (0.655–1.046)0.113
ALT, ≥200/<200 IU/L2.169 (1.101–4.271)0.0251.686 (1.095–2.596)0.0180.0272.093 (1.201–3.647)0.0090.225
ALT, ≥80/<80 IU/L1.363 (0.808–2.299)0.2451.174 (0.757–1.822)0.4731.391 (0.742–2.605)0.303
Albumin, g/dL1.289 (0.647–2.567)0.4710.920 (0.625–1.355)0.6730.871 (0.546–1.388)0.56
PT, INR0.939 (0.097–9.112)0.9591.808 (0.316–10.356)0.5063.420 (0.269–43.515)0.343
Bilirubin, g/dL1.044 (0.970–1.124)0.2531.143 (0.976–1.339)0.0960.5331.123 (0.966–1.304)0.13
Platelet count, ×103/μL1 (0.996–1.004)0.9840.996 (0.991–1.000)0.0630.7120.994 (0.989–1.000)0.0360.411
HAI score, ≥9/<90.850 (0.488–1.479)0.5651.734 (1.142–2.633)0.010.8933.683 (2.102–6.454)<0.001<0.001
Fibrosis stage, ≥4/<40.855 (0.508–1.437)0.5541.894 (1.258–2.850)0.0020.0052.547 (1.451–4.471)0.0010.829
HBcAg expression patterns0.6890.0070.3550.0010.053
 Nuclear & mixed (≥10%)--------
 Cytoplasm (≥10%)1.781 (0.428–7.402)0.4270.881 (0.519–1.497)0.6390.1641.595 (0.661–3.849)0.2990.649
 Absent (<10%)1.672 (0.503–5.553)0.4021.803 (1.065–3.052)0.0280.5033.726 (1.619–8.578)0.0020.049
HBsAg expression patterns
 Membranous expression
  Absent vs present0.852 (0.498–1.457)0.5591.414 (0.940–2.128)0.0960.9541.186 (0.684–2.056)0.544
 Intracytoplasmic expression
  Diffuse vs nondiffuse0.996 (0.590–1.680)0.9880.831 (0.550–1.255)0.3790.540 (0.310–0.941)0.030.34
  Non-submembranous vs submembranous0.817 (0.482–1.386)0.4540.990 (0.603–1.624)0.9670.543 (0.292–1.008)0.0530.82

Analysis was performed using Cox regression analysis.

HBeAg, hepatitis B e antigen; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; HBV, hepatitis B virus; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; PT, prothrombin time; INR, international normalized ratio; HAI, histologic activity index; HBcAg, hepatitis B core antigen; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen.

*Univariate p-values;

†Multivariate p-values were obtained after including variables of the univariate analysis with p-values <0.1.

Table 4 Factors Associated with HBsAg Reduction during and after the First Year of Treatment

VariableHBsAg reduction (>0.5 log10 IU/mL)
During 1st year (n=12/102)After 1st year (n=12/74)
OR (95% CI)p-value*p-value†HR (95% CI)p-value*p-value†
Age, yr1.039 (0.982–1.099)0.1930.979 (0.927–1.034)0.442
Sex, male/female1.423 (0.428–4.724)0.5653.081 (0.675–14.067)0.143
Liver cirrhosis, yes/no0.574 (0.126–2.62)0.4741.38 (0.415–4.586)0.599
HBeAg, +/–1.101 (0.331–3.656)0.8752.524 (0.682–9.336)0.165
HBV DNA, log10 IU/mL1.615 (0.945–2.76)0.080.6691. 995 (1.034–3.85)0.39
HBsAg, log10 IU/mL6.129 (1.932–19.445)0.002<0.0011.591 (0.491–5.155)0.439
ALT, ≥200/<200 IU/L1.191 (0.359–3.956)0.7751.739 (0.517–5.847)0.371
Albumin, g/dL0.521 (0.279–0.971)0.040.081.191 (0.34–4.171)0.785
PT, INR0.888 (0.00–202.649)0.966233.103 (2.197–22660.6)0.0220.065
Bilirubin, g/dL0.974 (0.763–1.244)0.8321.027 (0.862–1.224)0.764
Platelet count, ×103/μL0.994 (0.983–1.006)0.3360.998 (0.998–1.008)0.676
HAI score, ≥9/<91.092 (0.347–3.441)0.880.891 (0.282–2.818)0.845
Fibrosis stage, ≥4/<40.375 (0.101–1.385)0.1411.645 (0.484–5.479)0.416
HBcAg expression patterns0.2260.0430.048
 Absent (<10%)-----
 Cytoplasm (≥10%)1.856 (0.34–10.133)0.4751.676 (0.418–6.715)0.4660.208
 Nuclear & mixed (≥10%)3.041 (0.858–10.777)0.0855.662 (1.411–22.718)0.0140.039
HBsAg expression patterns
 Membranous expression
 Absent vs present0.507 (0.153–1.684)0.2671.157 (0.345–3.874)0.813
 Intracytoplasmic expression
 Diffuse vs nondiffuse0.895 (0.289–2.775)0.8470.676 (0.214–2.133)0.504
 Non-submembranous vs submembranous0.566 (0.124–2.585)0.4630.348 (0.045–2.695)0.312

Associations of HBsAg reduction during first year treatment were analyzed using binary logistic regression, and associations after first year treatment were assessed using Cox regression analysis.

HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; HBeAg, hepatitis B e antigen; HBV, hepatitis B virus; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; PT, prothrombin time; INR, international normalized ratio; HAI, histologic activity index; HBcAg, hepatitis B core antigen.

*Univariate p-values;

†Multivariate p-values were obtained after including the variables of the univariate analysis with p-values <0.1.

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